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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (62)
  • Molecular Sequence Data  (54)
  • 2010-2014  (42)
  • 2000-2004  (12)
  • 1970-1974  (62)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Im Temperaturbereich von 60 bis 100°C wird die radikalische Polymerisation von Styrol, Methylmethacrylat und Acrylnitril von α.α′-Dicyanodibenzylen ausgelöst, die in α-und α′-Stellung mit Ester-, Nitril-, Amid- oder Phenylgruppen disubstituiert sind. Bei 100 bis 110°C ist auch das α.α.α′.α′-Tetracarboxymethyldibenzyl aktiv. Vinylacetat und Vinylchlorid werden durch diese Initiatoren kaum polymerisiert.Fur die Polymerisation des Styrols wurden die Bruttogeschwindigkeitskonstanten Kp, für viele Dibenzyle und fur Peroxide vergleichbarer Aktivitat dilatornetrisch bestirnrnt. Norrnalerweise sind die Zeit-Urnsatz-Kurven rnit den Dibenzylen und den Peroxiden vergleichbar; das Tetracyanodibenzyl allerdings bewirkt nur eine unvollstandige Polymerisation.Der große Einfiuß von Substituenten in α-Stellung oder in den Phenylringen der Dibenzyle auf die Polymerisation des Styrols wird diskutiert. Dabei ist auch die Stereochernie wichtig. Die meso-Form des Dinitrildiesters ergibt eine 2.5- bis 3.5 ma1 schnellere Polyrnerisation als das dl-Isornere.Die Dissoziationsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten kd der Initiatoren wurden NMR-spektroskopisch aus der Linienbreite bestirnmt. Die Dinitrildiester sind gute Initiatoren, wahrend die α.α′-Dicyanodibenzyle rnit weiteren Nitril- oder Phenylgruppen in α- und α′-Stellung wenig geeignet sind. SchlieBlich wurde die 1.2-Addition einiger der Dibenzyle an Styrol im Ternperaturbereich von 120 bis 150°C rnit der Methode der chernisch induzierten KernPolarisation (CIDNP) untersucht.
    Notes: The radical polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile is initiated by α.α′-dicyanodibenzyls α.α′-disubstituted with ester, nitrile, amide or phenyl groups in the temperature range 60 to 100°C and by α.α.α′.α′-tetracarboxymethyldibenzyl at 100 to 110°C. Vinylacetate and vinylchloride show a low reactivity.The overall polymerization rate constants Kp have been determined dilatometrically for styrene initiated by a large number of dibenzyls and comparable peroxides. The styrene polymerization curves are generally comparable with those of peroxides. A notable exception is tetracyanodibenzyl.The strong influence of α- and ring-substituents in the dibenzyls on the styrene polymerization rate is discussed. The stereochemistry is also important : the meso α.α′-dicyanodibenzyls α.α′-disubstituted with ester groups give a 2.5 to 3.5 fold faster polymerization than their dl isomers.The initiator efficiency is related to the kd values, determined from NMR line width measurements. The α.α′- dicyanodibenzyls α.α′-disubstituted with ester groups are good initiators, while those with phenyl groups and nitrile groups are inefficient.Relevant to initiation and termination, the 1.2-addition of some of the dimers to styrene at 120 to 150°C has been studied with chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP).
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Darstellung von Poly(γ-p-biphenylmethyl-L-Glutamat), PBPLG, (Poly{L-imino-1-[2-(4-biphenylmethoxycarbonyl)äthyl]-2-oxoäthylen}), (1d) wird beschrieben. Das Viskositätsverhalten dieses Polymers in Mischungen aus Benzol und Dichloressigsäure (c=0,2.10 - 3 - 1,4.10 - 3g/cm3) bei 25°CC wird untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden verglichen mit Messungen unter den gleichen Bedingungen an Poly(γ-benzyl-L-Glutamat),PBLG, (Poly[ L-imino-l-(2-benzyloxycarbonylathyl)-2-oxoathylen]), (lc). In beiden Fallenfindet ein zweistufiger Ubergang von einer starren, von Wasserstoffbrucken stabilisiertenHelix in ein statistisches, solvatisiertes Knduel statt : PBPLG (erste Stufe CrSSX,, zweite Stufe 55-100%, Dichloressigsaure und PBLG (erste Stufe 0-70%, zweite Stufe 70-100%,Dichloressigsaure)).Die Einfiihrung eines p-Phenylsubstituenten in PBLG fuhrt deshalb in Mischungen aus Benzol- und Dichloressigsaure zu einer weniger stabilisierten Helix.Die Stabilitat und das Viskositatsverhalten von PBLG in Mischungen aus Benzol und Dichloressigsaure (c=0,2.10-3 -14.10-3g/cm3) sind denjenigen von PBLG in Mi-schungen aus m-Kresol und Dichloressigslure ( c = 1,0.10-3-4,0. 10-3g/cm3) ähnlich.
    Notes: The synthesis of poly(γ-p-biphenylmethyl-L-glutamate), PBPLG, (poly{L-imino-1-[2-(4-biphenylylmethoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-2-oxoethylene}), (1d) is described. The viscosity behavior of this polymer in benzene/dichloroacetic acid mixtures (c=0,2.10 - 3 - 1,4.10 - 3 g/cm3) at 25°CC is investigated. The results are compared with measurements on poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate), PBLG, (poly[L-imino-1-(2-benzyloxycarbonylethyl)-2-oxoethylene]), (1c) under the same conditions. A transition from a rigid hydrogen bonded helix to a random solvated coil occurs in two stages for both: PBPLG (first stage 0 - 55%, second stage 55 - 100% dichloroacetic acid) and PBLG (first stage 0 - 70%, second stage 70 - 100% dichloroacetic acid).Therefore, the introduction of a p-phenyl substituent in PBLG leads to a less stable helix in benzene/dichloroacetic acid mixtures.The stability and viscosity behavior of PBLG in benzene/dichloroacetic acid mixtures (c=0,2.10 - 3 - 1,4.10 - 3g/cm3) is quite similar to the behavior of PBLG in m-cresol/dichloroacetic acid mixtures (c=1,0.10 - 3 - 4,0.10 - 3 g/cm3).
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2509-2523 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of poly(γ-p-nitrobenzyl-L-glutamates), PNBG, has been synthesized by the polymerization of N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) derivatives of γ-p-nitrobenzyl-L-glutamate, NBG, using triethylamine as an initiator. We studied the influence of (a) the solvents dioxane, nitrobenzene, dimethylformamide (DMF), and DMF-1,2-dichloroethane mixture and (b) the anhydride-initiator ratio (A/I) for the polymerization in nitrobenzene (A/I varying from 50 to 750) on the properties of the polymers obtained. In order to improve its synthesis, NBG, was prepared by three different methods. Ten samples of PNBG, ranging in Mw from 10,000 to 50,000, were examined viscometrically in DMF and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and by ultracentrifugation in DMF. The data for [η] and So (limiting sedimentation coefficient) as functions of Mw for PNBG in DMF were utilized, applying theories of Kuhn and Kuhn,13 Schachman,14 and Perrin, 15 for the estimation of the length per monomeric residue h. Viscosity data gave a h value of about 2.3 Å, Whereas sedimentation yielded 1.5 Å. Treating viscosity and sedimentation data for poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate), PBLG, in the same way leads to somewhat higher hvalues (2.4 Å and 1.7 Å, respectively).Although a nitroaromatic effect was shown to be absent for PNBG in DMF, it can be concluded that in this medium PNBG has a somewhat more compact structure than PBLG.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 11 (1973), S. 345-352 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bifunctional arylcyanoacetic esters were oxidatively coupled to high molecular weight, colorless, amorphous polymers, soluble in common organic solvents. Brittle films were obtained by casting or compression molding. Thermal stability of the polymers is poor due to the weak C—C bond formed by oxidative coupling. Radical dissociation-recombination of this bond (evidenced by ESR) results in meso-dl equilibration, lowering the Tg of the polymers.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 8 (1970), S. 805-808 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 10 (1972), S. 851-854 
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Letters 10 (1972), S. 851-854 
    ISSN: 0449-2986
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 9 (1971), S. 1893-1899 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal bulk polymerization of cholesteryl acrylate was carried out in the solid phase, the mesomorphic phase, and the liquid phase to study the effect of monomer ordering on polymerization rate and polymer properties. The rate increased with decreasing ordering (or enhanced mobility) of the monomer. Formation of inhibitive by-products during the polymerization limited conversions to 35%. The sedimentation constant S0 = 6.2 S was the same for the polymers obtained in the three phases. The weight-average molecular weight (M̄w) was 480,000 as determined by ultracentrifugation. Poly-(cholesteryl acrylate) formed in bulk is randomly coiled when dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. The thermal properties of the monomer are given.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2010-03-26
    Description: Only three biological pathways are known to produce oxygen: photosynthesis, chlorate respiration and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Here we present evidence for a fourth pathway, possibly of considerable geochemical and evolutionary importance. The pathway was discovered after metagenomic sequencing of an enrichment culture that couples anaerobic oxidation of methane with the reduction of nitrite to dinitrogen. The complete genome of the dominant bacterium, named 'Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera', was assembled. This apparently anaerobic, denitrifying bacterium encoded, transcribed and expressed the well-established aerobic pathway for methane oxidation, whereas it lacked known genes for dinitrogen production. Subsequent isotopic labelling indicated that 'M. oxyfera' bypassed the denitrification intermediate nitrous oxide by the conversion of two nitric oxide molecules to dinitrogen and oxygen, which was used to oxidize methane. These results extend our understanding of hydrocarbon degradation under anoxic conditions and explain the biochemical mechanism of a poorly understood freshwater methane sink. Because nitrogen oxides were already present on early Earth, our finding opens up the possibility that oxygen was available to microbial metabolism before the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ettwig, Katharina F -- Butler, Margaret K -- Le Paslier, Denis -- Pelletier, Eric -- Mangenot, Sophie -- Kuypers, Marcel M M -- Schreiber, Frank -- Dutilh, Bas E -- Zedelius, Johannes -- de Beer, Dirk -- Gloerich, Jolein -- Wessels, Hans J C T -- van Alen, Theo -- Luesken, Francisca -- Wu, Ming L -- van de Pas-Schoonen, Katinka T -- Op den Camp, Huub J M -- Janssen-Megens, Eva M -- Francoijs, Kees-Jan -- Stunnenberg, Henk -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Jetten, Mike S M -- Strous, Marc -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):543-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08883.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Radboud University Nijmegen, IWWR, Department of Microbiology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. k.ettwig@science.ru.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria/classification/enzymology/genetics/*metabolism ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Methane/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrites/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Oxygenases/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Soil Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2010-01-16
    Description: We report here genome sequences and comparative analyses of three closely related parasitoid wasps: Nasonia vitripennis, N. giraulti, and N. longicornis. Parasitoids are important regulators of arthropod populations, including major agricultural pests and disease vectors, and Nasonia is an emerging genetic model, particularly for evolutionary and developmental genetics. Key findings include the identification of a functional DNA methylation tool kit; hymenopteran-specific genes including diverse venoms; lateral gene transfers among Pox viruses, Wolbachia, and Nasonia; and the rapid evolution of genes involved in nuclear-mitochondrial interactions that are implicated in speciation. Newly developed genome resources advance Nasonia for genetic research, accelerate mapping and cloning of quantitative trait loci, and will ultimately provide tools and knowledge for further increasing the utility of parasitoids as pest insect-control agents.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849982/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2849982/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Werren, John H -- Richards, Stephen -- Desjardins, Christopher A -- Niehuis, Oliver -- Gadau, Jurgen -- Colbourne, John K -- Nasonia Genome Working Group -- Beukeboom, Leo W -- Desplan, Claude -- Elsik, Christine G -- Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J P -- Kitts, Paul -- Lynch, Jeremy A -- Murphy, Terence -- Oliveira, Deodoro C S G -- Smith, Christopher D -- van de Zande, Louis -- Worley, Kim C -- Zdobnov, Evgeny M -- Aerts, Maarten -- Albert, Stefan -- Anaya, Victor H -- Anzola, Juan M -- Barchuk, Angel R -- Behura, Susanta K -- Bera, Agata N -- Berenbaum, May R -- Bertossa, Rinaldo C -- Bitondi, Marcia M G -- Bordenstein, Seth R -- Bork, Peer -- Bornberg-Bauer, Erich -- Brunain, Marleen -- Cazzamali, Giuseppe -- Chaboub, Lesley -- Chacko, Joseph -- Chavez, Dean -- Childers, Christopher P -- Choi, Jeong-Hyeon -- Clark, Michael E -- Claudianos, Charles -- Clinton, Rochelle A -- Cree, Andrew G -- Cristino, Alexandre S -- Dang, Phat M -- Darby, Alistair C -- de Graaf, Dirk C -- Devreese, Bart -- Dinh, Huyen H -- Edwards, Rachel -- Elango, Navin -- Elhaik, Eran -- Ermolaeva, Olga -- Evans, Jay D -- Foret, Sylvain -- Fowler, Gerald R -- Gerlach, Daniel -- Gibson, Joshua D -- Gilbert, Donald G -- Graur, Dan -- Grunder, Stefan -- Hagen, Darren E -- Han, Yi -- Hauser, Frank -- Hultmark, Da -- Hunter, Henry C 4th -- Hurst, Gregory D D -- Jhangian, Shalini N -- Jiang, Huaiyang -- Johnson, Reed M -- Jones, Andrew K -- Junier, Thomas -- Kadowaki, Tatsuhiko -- Kamping, Albert -- Kapustin, Yuri -- Kechavarzi, Bobak -- Kim, Jaebum -- Kim, Jay -- Kiryutin, Boris -- Koevoets, Tosca -- Kovar, Christie L -- Kriventseva, Evgenia V -- Kucharski, Robert -- Lee, Heewook -- Lee, Sandra L -- Lees, Kristin -- Lewis, Lora R -- Loehlin, David W -- Logsdon, John M Jr -- Lopez, Jacqueline A -- Lozado, Ryan J -- Maglott, Donna -- Maleszka, Ryszard -- Mayampurath, Anoop -- Mazur, Danielle J -- McClure, Marcella A -- Moore, Andrew D -- Morgan, Margaret B -- Muller, Jean -- Munoz-Torres, Monica C -- Muzny, Donna M -- Nazareth, Lynne V -- Neupert, Susanne -- Nguyen, Ngoc B -- Nunes, Francis M F -- Oakeshott, John G -- Okwuonu, Geoffrey O -- Pannebakker, Bart A -- Pejaver, Vikas R -- Peng, Zuogang -- Pratt, Stephen C -- Predel, Reinhard -- Pu, Ling-Ling -- Ranson, Hilary -- Raychoudhury, Rhitoban -- Rechtsteiner, Andreas -- Reese, Justin T -- Reid, Jeffrey G -- Riddle, Megan -- Robertson, Hugh M -- Romero-Severson, Jeanne -- Rosenberg, Miriam -- Sackton, Timothy B -- Sattelle, David B -- Schluns, Helge -- Schmitt, Thomas -- Schneider, Martina -- Schuler, Andreas -- Schurko, Andrew M -- Shuker, David M -- Simoes, Zila L P -- Sinha, Saurabh -- Smith, Zachary -- Solovyev, Victor -- Souvorov, Alexandre -- Springauf, Andreas -- Stafflinger, Elisabeth -- Stage, Deborah E -- Stanke, Mario -- Tanaka, Yoshiaki -- Telschow, Arndt -- Trent, Carol -- Vattathil, Selina -- Verhulst, Eveline C -- Viljakainen, Lumi -- Wanner, Kevin W -- Waterhouse, Robert M -- Whitfield, James B -- Wilkes, Timothy E -- Williamson, Michael -- Willis, Judith H -- Wolschin, Florian -- Wyder, Stefan -- Yamada, Takuji -- Yi, Soojin V -- Zecher, Courtney N -- Zhang, Lan -- Gibbs, Richard A -- 5R01GM070026-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- 5R01HG000747-14/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- 5R24GM084917-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- AI028309-13A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI055624/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064864/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064864-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM064864-05A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070026/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070026-04S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079484/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085163/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085163-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG000747/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG000747-14/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01GM064864/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R24 GM084917/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R24 GM084917-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R24 GM084917-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273-03/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 15;327(5963):343-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1178028.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthropods/parasitology ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA Methylation ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Female ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Speciation ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Insect ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Insect Viruses/genetics ; Insects/genetics ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Wasp Venoms/chemistry/toxicity ; Wasps/*genetics/physiology ; Wolbachia/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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