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  • 2015-2019  (4)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-08-03
    Description: The processes leading to the formation of planets; the extreme physics occurring near the event horizon of black holes; detailed studies of exoplanets through spectral-spatial mapping: new and unique insights into the physical processes involved across nearly the whole gamut of astrophysics await discovery at small angular scales. The fine spatial resolution needed to explore these processes, however, lies beyond the capabilities of current astronomical facilities and nearly all proposed future facilities. Interferometers can crack this angular resolution problem, and space-based interferometry missions promise to explore entirely new regions of scientific phase space, providing unique new insights into the physical processes lurking at small angular scales.
    Keywords: Astrophysics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70915
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure (VIIP) syndrome affects 60% of astronauts returning from long-duration missions and is characterized by structural and functional changes of the eye (3). Upon entry into weightlessness, approximately two liters of fluid translocates from the lower body to the thorax and cephalad regions, potentially contributing to elevated intracranial and intraocular pressures. The choroid is the vasculature that supplies blood flow to the posterior part of the retina and has limited autoregulation. As a consequence these vessels may engorge during a cephalad fluid shift, contributing to structural changes in the retina. The purpose of this experiment was to quantify changes in choroid thickness during a fluid shift. In order to fulfill this objective, it was also necessary to improve the measurement technique for assessing choroid thickness.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: JSC-CN-34130
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS) is characterized by the development of optic disc edema, choroidal folds, cotton-wool spots, globe flattening, and/or refractive error changes greater than or equal to 0.75D during long-duration spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS). It is hypothesized that these findings result from the headward fluid shift that occurs due to weightlessness. We can induce a headward fluid shift on Earth using positional changes and on ISS due to weightlessness. Lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) is used to reverse the headward fluid shift by drawing fluid into the lower body and can be used on Earth and on ISS.
    Keywords: Optics
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN55756 , Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Conference; Apr 29, 2018 - May 03, 2018; Honolulu, HI; United States
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-11-08
    Description: Small-scale ephemeral coronal holes may be a recurring feature on the solar disk but have received comparatively little attention. These events are characterized by compact structures and short total lifetimes, which are substantially less than a solar disk crossing. We present a systematic search for these events, using Atmospheric Imaging Assembly extreme ultraviolet image data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, covering the time period of 20102015. Following strict criteria, this search yielded four clear examples of the ephemeral coronal hole phenomenon. The properties of each event are characterized, including their total lifetime, growth and decay rates, and areas. The magnetic properties of these events are also determined using Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager data. Based on these four events, ephemeral coronal holes experience rapid initial growth of up to 3000 Msq.m/hr, while the decay phases are typically more gradual. Like conventional coronal holes, the mean magnetic eld in each ephemeral coronal hole displays a consistent polarity, with mean magnetic ux densities generally 〈10 G. No evidence of a corresponding signature is seen in solar wind data at 1 au. Further study is needed to determine whether ephemeral coronal holes are under reported events or are truly rare phenomena.
    Keywords: Solar Physics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN73700 , Astrophysical Journal (ISSN 0004-637X) (e-ISSN 1538-4357); 880; 2; 98
    Format: text
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