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  • Air Transportation and Safety  (16)
  • General Chemistry
  • 2015-2019  (16)
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  • 1
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    Coordination Logic for Repulsive Resolution Maneuvers (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents an algorithm for determining the direction an aircraft should maneuver in the event of a potential conflict with another aircraft. The algorithm is implicitly coordinated, meaning that with perfectly reliable computations and information, it will in- dependently provide directional information that is guaranteed to be coordinated without any additional information exchange or direct communication. The logic is inspired by the logic of TCAS II, the airborne system designed to reduce the risk of mid-air collisions between aircraft. TCAS II provides pilots with only vertical resolution advice, while the proposed algorithm, using a similar logic, provides implicitly coordinated vertical and horizontal directional advice.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-22876 , AIAA Aviation 2016; Jun 13, 2016 - Jun 17, 2016; Washington, DC; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    DAIDALUS: Detect and Avoid Alerting Logic for Unmanned Systems (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents DAIDALUS (Detect and Avoid Alerting Logic for Unmanned Systems), a reference implementation of a detect and avoid concept intended to support the integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems into civil airspace. DAIDALUS consists of self-separation and alerting algorithms that provide situational awareness to UAS remote pilots. These algorithms have been formally specified in a mathematical notation and verified for correctness in an interactive theorem prover. The software implementation has been verified against the formal models and validated against multiple stressing cases jointly developed by the US Air Force Research Laboratory, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, and NASA. The DAIDALUS reference implementation is currently under consideration for inclusion in the appendices to the Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Unmanned Aircraft Systems presently being developed by RTCA Special Committee 228.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-20901 , 2015 AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference; Sep 13, 2015 - Sep 17, 2015; Prague; Czechoslovakia
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Human-In-The-Loop Experimental Research for Detect and Avoid (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes a Detect and Avoid (DAA) concept for integration of UAS into the NAS developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and provides results from recent human-in-the-loop experiments performed to investigate interoperability and acceptability issues associated with these vehicles and operations. The series of experiments was designed to incrementally assess critical elements of the new concept and the enabling technologies that will be required.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-20923 , 2015 IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC); Sep 13, 2015 - Sep 17, 2015; Prague; Czechoslovakia
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Detect and Avoid Alerting Logic for Unmanned Systems (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-21129 , UAS in the NAS Project Meeting; May 26, 2016; Hampton, VA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Separation Assurance and Scheduling Coordination in the Arrival Environment (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Separation assurance (SA) automation has been proposed as either a ground-based or airborne paradigm. The arrival environment is complex because aircraft are being sequenced and spaced to the arrival fix. This paper examines the effect of the allocation of the SA and scheduling functions on the performance of the system. Two coordination configurations between an SA and an arrival management system are tested using both ground and airborne implementations. All configurations have a conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) system and either an integrated or separated scheduler. Performance metrics are presented for the ground and airborne systems based on arrival traffic headed to Dallas/ Fort Worth International airport. The total delay, time-spacing conformance, and schedule conformance are used to measure efficiency. The goal of the analysis is to use the metrics to identify performance differences between the configurations that are based on different function allocations. A surveillance range limitation of 100 nmi and a time delay for sharing updated trajectory intent of 30 seconds were implemented for the airborne system. Overall, these results indicate that the surveillance range and the sharing of trajectories and aircraft schedules are important factors in determining the efficiency of an airborne arrival management system. These parameters are not relevant to the ground-based system as modeled for this study because it has instantaneous access to all aircraft trajectories and intent. Creating a schedule external to the CD&R and the scheduling conformance system was seen to reduce total delays for the airborne system, and had a minor effect on the ground-based system. The effect of an external scheduler on other metrics was mixed.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN28427 , AIAA SciTech 2016; Jan 04, 2016 - Jan 08, 2016; San Diego, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Characterizing the Effects of a Vertical Time Threshold for a Class of Well-Clear Definitions (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A fundamental requirement for the integration of unmanned aircraft into civil airspace is the capability of aircraft to remain well clear of each other and avoid collisions. This requirement has led to a broad recognition of the need for an unambiguous, formal definition of well clear. It is further recognized that any such definition must be interoperable with existing airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS). A particular class of well-clear definitions uses logic checks of independent distance thresholds as well as independent time thresholds in the vertical and horizontal dimensions to determine if a well-clear violation is predicted to occur within a given time interval. Existing ACAS systems also use independent distance thresholds, however a common time threshold is used for the vertical and horizontal logic checks. The main contribution of this paper is the characterization of the effects of the decoupled vertical time threshold on a well-clear definition in terms of (1) time to well-clear violation, and (2) interoperability with existing ACAS. The paper provides governing equations for both metrics and includes simulation results to illustrate the relationships. In this paper, interoperability implies that the time of well-clear violation is strictly less than the time a resolution advisory is issued by ACAS. The encounter geometries under consideration in this paper are initially well clear and consist of constant-velocity trajectories resulting in near-mid-air collisions.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-20526
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    NASA Controller Acceptability Study 1(CAS-1) Experiment Description and Initial Observations (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: This paper describes the Controller Acceptability Study 1 (CAS-1) experiment that was conducted by NASA Langley Research Center personnel from January through March 2014 and presents partial CAS-1 results. CAS-1 employed 14 air traffic controller volunteers as research subjects to assess the viability of simulated future unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operating alongside manned aircraft in moderate-density, moderate-complexity Class E airspace. These simulated UAS were equipped with a prototype pilot-in-the-loop (PITL) Detect and Avoid (DAA) system, specifically the Self-Separation (SS) function of such a system based on Stratway+ software to replace the see-and-avoid capabilities of manned aircraft pilots. A quantitative CAS-1 objective was to determine horizontal miss distance (HMD) values for SS encounters that were most acceptable to air traffic controllers, specifically HMD values that were assessed as neither unsafely small nor disruptively large. HMD values between 0.5 and 3.0 nautical miles (nmi) were assessed for a wide array of encounter geometries between UAS and manned aircraft. The paper includes brief introductory material about DAA systems and their SS functions, followed by descriptions of the CAS-1 simulation environment, prototype PITL SS capability, and experiment design, and concludes with presentation and discussion of partial CAS-1 data and results.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2015-218763 , L-20548 , NF1676L-20983
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Unmanned Aircraft Systems Human-in-the-Loop Controller and Pilot Acceptability Study: Collision Avoidance, Self-Separation, and Alerting Times (CASSAT) (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been mandated by the Congressional funding bill of 2012 to open the National Airspace System (NAS) to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). With the growing use of unmanned systems, NASA has established a multi-center "UAS Integration in the NAS" Project, in collaboration with the FAA and industry, and is guiding its research efforts to look at and examine crucial safety concerns regarding the integration of UAS into the NAS. Key research efforts are addressing requirements for detect-and-avoid (DAA), self-separation (SS), and collision avoidance (CA) technologies. In one of a series of human-in-the-loop experiments, NASA Langley Research Center set up a study known as Collision Avoidance, Self-Separation, and Alerting Times (CASSAT). The first phase assessed active air traffic controller interactions with DAA systems and the second phase examined reactions to the DAA system and displays by UAS Pilots at a simulated ground control station (GCS). Analyses of the test results from Phase I and Phase II are presented in this paper. Results from the CASSAT study and previous human-in-the-loop experiments will play a crucial role in the FAA's establishment of rules, regulations, and procedures to safely, efficiently, and effectively integrate UAS into the NAS.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA-TM-2016-219181 , L-20673 , L-20671 , NF1676L-23684
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Formal Analysis of Extended Well-Clear Boundaries for Unmanned Aircraft (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: This paper concerns the application of formal methods to the definition of a detect and avoid concept for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In particular, it illustrates how formal analysis was used to explain and correct unexpected behaviors of the logic that issues alerts when two aircraft are predicted not to be well clear from one another. As a result of this analysis, a recommendation was proposed to, and subsequently adopted by, the US standards organization that defines the minimum operational requirements for the UAS detect and avoid concept.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-23731 , NASA Formal Methods Symposium; Jun 07, 2016 - Jun 09, 2016; Minneapolis, MN; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Independent Configurable Architecture for Reliable Operation of Unmanned Systems with Distributed Onboard Services (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-10
    Description: This paper presents the development of ICAROUS-2 (Independent Configurable Architecture for Reliable Operation of Unmanned Systems with Distributed Onboard Services), the second generation of a software architecture that integrates several algorithms as distributed onboard services to enable robust autonomous UAS applications. In particular, the ICAROUS architecture defines a framework to perform detect and avoid, geofencing, path monitoring, path planning, and autonomous decision making to ensure safety and mission progress. Most of the core algorithms implemented in ICAROUS are formally verified using an interactive theorem prover. These algorithms are composed together using a plan execution engine, whose operational semantics is formally specified. A description of the integrated architecture, services currently available, and flight test results highlighting the capability of ICAROUS are presented.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NF1676L-31344
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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