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  • Articles  (60)
  • Wiley  (60)
  • 2015-2019  (60)
  • Geosciences  (60)
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  • Articles  (60)
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  • 1
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    Seasonal variability of δ18O and δ13C of planktic foraminifera in the Bering Sea and central subarctic Pacific during 1990–2000 (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: We evaluated a 10 year time-series of δ 18 O and δ 13 C records from three planktic foraminifers ( Neogloboquadrina pachyderma , Globigerina umbilicata , and Globigerinita glutinata ) in the Bering Sea and central subarctic Pacific with a focus on their responses to environmental changes. Foraminiferal δ 18 O followed the equilibrium equation for inorganic calcite, with species-specific equilibrium offsets ranging from nearly zero (−0.02‰ for N. pachyderma and −0.01‰ for G. umbilicata ) to −0.16‰ ( G. glutinata ). Equilibrium offsets in our sediment trap samples were smaller than those from plankton-tow studies, implying that foraminiferal δ 18 O was modified by encrustation during settling. Habitat/calcification depths varied from 35–55 m ( N. pachyderma and G. umbilicata ) or 25–45 m ( G. glutinata ) during warm, stratified seasons to around 100 m during winter, when the mixed layer depth increases. Unlike δ 18 O, foraminiferal δ 13 C showed species-specific responses to environmental changes. We found a dependency of δ 13 C in G. umbilicata on CO 3 2− concentrations in ambient seawater that agreed reasonably well with published laboratory results, suggesting that δ 13 C of G. umbilicata is subject to vital effects. In contrast, δ 13 C of N. pachyderma and G. glutinata are likely affected by other species-specific biological activities. Seasonal flux patterns reveal that fossil records of N. pachyderma and G. glutinata represent annual mean conditions, whereas that of G. umbilicata most likely indicates those of a specific season. Because none of these three taxa was abundant from December to February, their fossil records likely do not reflect isotope signals from cold seasons.
    Print ISSN: 0883-8305
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9186
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Appreciation of peer reviewers for 2015 (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: The editorial and scientific publishing process relies on the sustained work of volunteer reviewers, and evaluating the inter-disciplinary and broad interest papers published in G-Cubed can be a particular challenge. As editors and associated editors, we are therefore hugely appreciative of the efforts of our reviewers, and would like to thank and acknowledge them in this editorial. G-Cubed published 252 manuscripts out of 472 submissions in 2015, and for this we were able to rely on the efforts of 712 dedicated reviewers. Their names are listed below, in italics those 41 who provided three or more reviews (!). A big thank you from the G-Cubed team! This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
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    Crustal structure and fluid distribution beneath the southern part of the Hidaka collision zone revealed by 3-D electrical resistivity modeling (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: The Hidaka collision zone, where the Kurile and northeastern (NE) Japan arcs collide, provides a useful study area for elucidating the processes of arc-continent evolution and inland earthquakes. To produce an image of the collision structure and elucidate the mechanisms of anomalously deep inland earthquakes such as the 1970 Hidaka earthquake (M6.7), we conducted magnetotelluric observations and generated a three-dimensional resistivity distribution in the southern part of the Hidaka collision zone. The modeled resistivity was characterized by a high resistivity area in the upper crust of the Kurile arc corresponding to metamorphic rocks. The model also showed conductive zones beneath the center of the collision zone. The boundary between the resistive and conductive areas corresponds geometrically to the Hidaka main thrust, which is regarded as the arc-arc boundary. The correspondence supports the collision model that the upper-middle part of crust in the Kurile arc is obducting over the NE Japan arc. The conductive areas were interpreted as fluid-filled zones associated with collision processes and upwelling of dehydrated fluid from the subducting Pacific slab. The fluid flow possibly contributes to over-pressurized conduction that produces deep inland earthquakes. We also observed a significant conductive anomaly beneath the area of Horoman peridotite, which may be related to the uplift of mantle materials to the surface. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
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    Characterizing storm water dispersion and dilution from small coastal streams (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Characterizing the dispersion and dilution of stormwater from small coastal creeks is important for understanding the importance of land-derived subsidies to nearby ecosystems and the management of anthropogenic pollutants. In Southern California, creek runoff is episodic, intense and short-lived while the plumes are buoyant, all of which make the field sampling of freshwater plumes challenging. Numerical modeling offers a viable way to characterize these systems. The dilution and dispersion of freshwater from two creeks that discharge into the Santa Barbara Channel, California is investigated using Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) simulations with a horizontal resolution of 100 m. Tight coupling is found among precipitation, hydrologic discharge, wind forcing and submesoscale flow structures which all contribute to plume evolution. During flooding, plumes are narrow and attached to the coast, due to downwelling/onshore wind forcing and intense vorticity filaments lying parallel to the shelf. As the storm passes, the winds typically shift to offshore/upwelling favorable conditions and the plume is advected offshore which enhances its dilution. Plumes reach the bottom nearshore while they form thin layers a few meters thick offshore. Dilution field of passive tracers released with the runoff is strongly anisotropic with stronger cross-shelf gradients than along-shelf. Dispersion analysis of statistical moments of the passive tracer distribution results in scale dependent diffusivities consistent with the particle-pair analysis of Romero et al. (2013). Model validation, the roles of submesoscale processes and wind forcing on plume evolution and application to ecological issues and marine resource management are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
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    Phaeodaria: an important carrier of particulate organic carbon in the mesopelagic twilight zone of the North Pacific Ocean (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Phaeodaria, which comprise one group of large, single‐celled eukaryotic zooplankton, have been largely ignored by past marine biological studies because Phaeodaria and their delicate skeletons are liable to collapse. As a result, collection and quantification of specimens are difficult, and seasonal changes of phaeodarian abundance have not been thoroughly studied. The transport of biogenic elements by sinking phaeodarians has been estimated for only a few representative species. Sinking particles 〉1 mm in size and swimmers have traditionally been excluded when estimating sinking particle fluxes. The focus of this study is the large number of phaeodarians among the 〉1 mm sinking particles collected in the western North Pacific from June 2014 to July 2015. Careful sorting by microscopic examination and chemical analyses revealed that phaeodarians accounted for up to about 10% of the organic carbon in all sinking particles and accounted for a mean of 33% of the organic carbon in the 〉1 mm sinking particles. The high standing stocks of phaeodarians at depths of 150–1000 m in the mesopelagic twilight zone suggested that particles sinking from the euphotic zone as aggregates and fecal pellets can be efficiently ex to the deep sea by the ballasting effect of large phaeodarian particles rich in organic carbon.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
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    The 2‐D Structure of Foreshock‐Driven Field Line Resonances Observed by THEMIS Satellite and Ground‐Based Imager Conjunctions (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Recent studies of Pc5‐band (150–600 s) ultralow frequency waves found that foreshock disturbances can be a driver of dayside compressional waves and field line resonance, which are two typical Pc5 wave modes in the dayside magnetosphere. However, it is difficult to find spatial structure of dayside Pc5 waves using a small number of satellites or ground magnetometers. This study determines 2‐D structure of dayside Pc5 waves and their driver by utilizing coordinated observations by the THEMIS satellites and the all‐sky imager at South Pole during two series of Pc5 waves on 29 June 2008. These Pc5 waves were found to be field line resonances (FLRs) and driven by foreshock disturbances. The ground‐based all‐sky imager at South Pole shows that periodic poleward moving arcs occurred simultaneously with the FLRs near the satellite footprints over ~3° latitude and had the same frequencies as FLRs. This indicates that they are the auroral signature of the FLRs. The azimuthal distribution of the FLRs in the magnetosphere and their north‐south width in the ionosphere were further determined in the 2‐D images. In the first case, the FLRs distribute symmetrically in the prenoon and postnoon regions with out‐of‐phase oscillation as the odd toroidal mode in the equatorial plane. In the second case, the azimuthal wavelengths of the 350–500 s and 300–450 s period waves were ~8.0 and ~5.2 Re in the equatorial plane. It also shows a fine azimuthal structure embedded in the large‐scale arcs, indicating that a high azimuthal wave number (m ~ 140) mode wave coupled with the low‐wave number FLRs.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Microstructural evidence for the deep pulverization in a lower crustal meta‐anorthosite (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract We report on the evidence of the pulverization in a deep‐seated meta‐anorthosite in the Eidsfjord shear zone, Vesterålen, northern Norway. Some plagioclase porphyroclasts comprise a few large relict clasts and many fine grains that preserve the outlines of the original grains. The fine‐grained plagioclase does not show any plastic‐deformation microstructures and has strong crystallographic preferred orientations, which are inherited from the twinned porphyroclast. Misorientation‐axis distributions indicate that the grains have rotated randomly, so that the misorientation axes are not aligned with either the crystallographic or kinematic axes. The observed grain‐size distribution has a fractal dimension, suggesting their fracturing/fragmentation origin. The microstructures are characterized by the fracturing/fragmentation with a very low shear strain, indicating that it may be associated with pulverization at ~20–25 km depth.
    Print ISSN: 0954-4879
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-3121
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    The warming of the Chukchi slope through the Barrow Canyon outflow in the 2016‐2017 winter (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The shallow Chukchi Sea is a gateway to the Arctic Ocean for Pacific‐origin waters. While a substantial portion of the Pacific‐origin waters flows through Barrow Canyon in the northeast corner of the Chukchi Sea, little is known on the hydrography of the surrounding regions in winter. We present profiles of wintertime hydrography on the Chukchi slope from an autonomous profiling instrument, and mooring records in Barrow Canyon. The central and western sectors of Barrow Canyon in December 2016 ‐ February 2017 (DJF 2016‐2017) were anomalously warm (∼0.5 ° C warmer than the climatology) with the flow orienting toward the Arctic Ocean. Unlike the summertime warming near the surface, the warm outflow has a temperature maximum at 80 dbar, and this outflow modifies the water mass properties on the Chukchi slope 70 km north of the canyon. Based on our Barrow Canyon mooring records starting in 2002, this is the first time that such warming is recorded on the outflow in winter. We discuss that this is due to the combination of the Barrow Canyon outflow favourable wind pattern and warming in the southern Chukchi Sea (the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea) before the winter.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    Late Holocene changes on erosion pattern on a lacustrine environment: landscape stabilization by volcanic activity versus human activity (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The most recent eruption of Mt. Fuji (Japan), the VEI 5 Hōei plinian eruption (CE 1707) heavily impacted Lake Yamanaka, a shallow lake located at the foot of Mt. Fuji. Here, we discuss the influence of the Hōei eruption on the lacustrine sedimentation of Lake Yamanaka using high resolution geophysical and geochemical measurements on gravity cores. Hōei scoria fall‐out had two major impacts on Lake Yamanaka: (i) reduction of the sedimentation rate (from ~0.16 cm/yr to ~0.09 cm/yr); and (ii) the increase of in‐situ lake productivity. Sedimentation rates after the eruption were relatively low due to the thick scoria layer, trapping underlying sediments in the catchment. The lacustrine system took over more than ~170 years to begin to recover from the Hōei eruption: sedimentation recovery have been accelerated by changes in land use. Since the beginning of the 20th Century, vegetated strips delimited cultivated parcels, trapping sediment and minimizing the anthropogenic impacts on the sedimentation rate. Over the last decade, the decline of agriculture and the increase of other human activities led to an increase in the sedimentation rate (~1 cm/yr). This study highlights the effect of the grainsize of the volcanic ejecta on the sedimentation rate following a volcanic eruption. Coarse‐grained tephra are difficult to erode. Therefore, their erosion and remobilization is largely limited to intense typhoons when porous scoria deposits are saturated by heavy rains. Moreover, this study suggests that recent anthropogenic modifications of the catchment had a greater impact on the sedimentation rate than the Hōei eruption.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
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    Multi-decadal trends of oxygen and their controlling factors in the western North Pacific (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-10
    Description: The rate of change of dissolved oxygen (O 2 ) concentrations was analyzed over 1987–2011 for the high-frequency repeat section along 165°E in the western North Pacific. Significant trends towards decreasing O 2 were detected in the northern subtropical to subtropical-subarctic transition zones over a broad range of isopycnal horizons. On 25.3σ θ between 25°N-30°N in North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water, the rate of O 2 decrease reached −0.45 ± 0.16 µmol kg −1 yr −1 . It is largely attributed to a deepening of isopycnal horizons and to a reduction in oxygen solubility associated with ocean warming. In North Pacific Intermediate Water, the rate of O 2 decrease was elevated (−0.44 ± 0.14 µmol kg −1 yr −1 on 26.8σ θ ) and was associated with net increases in apparent oxygen utilization in the source waters. On 27.3σ θ in the subtropical Oxygen Minimum Layer (OML) between 32.5°N-35°N, the rate of O 2 decrease was significant (−0.22 ± 0.05 µmol kg −1 yr −1 ). It was likely due to the increases in westward transport of low-oxygen water. These various drivers controlling changes in O 2 along the 165°E section are the same as those acting along 137°E (analyzed previously), and also account for the differences in the rate of O 2 decrease between these sections. Additionally, in the tropical OML near 26.8σ θ between 5°N-10°N, significant trends toward increasing O 2 were detected in both sections (+0.36 ± 0.04 µmol kg −1 yr −1 in the 165°E section). These results demonstrate that warming and circulation changes are causing multi-decadal changes in dissolved O 2 over wide expanses of the western North Pacific.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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