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  • Wiley  (62)
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  • Articles  (62)
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  • 1
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    TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-31
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 2
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    Amazon forest response to repeated droughts (2016)
    T.R. Feldpausch, O.L. Phillips, R.J.W. Brienen, E. Gloor, J. Lloyd, G. Lopez-Gonzalez, A. Monteagudo-Mendoza, Y. Malhi, A. Alarcón, E. Álvarez Dávila, P. Alvarez-Loayza, A. Andrade, L.E.O.C. Aragao, L. Arroyo, G.A. Aymard C., T.R. Baker, C. Baraloto, J. Barroso, D. Bonal, W. Castro, V. Chama, J. Chave, T.F. Domingues, S. Fauset, N. Groot, E. Honorio C., S. Laurance, W.F. Laurance, S.L. Lewis, J.C. Licona, B.S. Marimon, B.H. Marimon-Junior, C. Mendoza Bautista, D.A. Neill, E.A. Oliveira, C. Oliveira dos Santos, N.C. Pallqui Camacho, G. Pardo-Molina, A. Prieto, C.A. Quesada, F. Ramírez, H. Ramírez-Angulo, M. Réjou-Méchain, A. Rudas, G. Saiz, R.P. Salomão, J.E. Silva-Espejo, M. Silveira, H. Steege, J. Stropp, J. Terborgh, R. Thomas-Caesar, G.M.F. Heijden, R. Vásquez Martinez, E. Vilanova, V.A. Vos
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-01
    Description: The Amazon Basin has experienced more variable climate over the last decade, with a severe and widespread drought in 2005 causing large basin-wide losses of biomass. A drought of similar climatological magnitude occurred again in 2010; however, there has been no basin-wide ground-based evaluation of effects on vegetation. We examine to what extent the 2010 drought affected forest dynamics using ground-based observations of mortality and growth utilizing data from an extensive forest plot network. We find that during the 2010 drought interval, forests did not gain biomass (net change: −0.43 Mg ha -1 , CI: −1.11, 0.19, n = 97), regardless of whether forests experienced precipitation deficit anomalies. This loss contrasted with a long-term biomass sink during the baseline pre-2010 drought period (1998 − pre-2010) of 1.33 Mg ha -1 yr -1 (CI: 0.90, 1.74, p  〈 0.01). The resulting net impact of the 2010 drought (i.e., reversal of the baseline net sink) was −1.95 Mg ha -1 yr -1 (CI:−2.77, −1.18; p  〈 0.001). This net biomass impact was driven by an increase in biomass mortality (1.45 Mg ha -1 yr -1 CI: 0.66, 2.25, p  〈 0.001), and a decline in biomass productivity (−0.50 Mg ha -1 yr -1 , CI:−0.78, −0.31; p  〈 0.001). Surprisingly, the magnitude of the losses through tree mortality was unrelated to estimated local precipitation anomalies, and was independent of estimated local pre-2010 drought history. Thus, there was no evidence that pre-2010 droughts compounded the effects of the 2010 drought. We detected a systematic basin-wide impact of drought on tree growth rates across Amazonia, with this suppression of productivity driven by moisture deficits in 2010, an impact which was not apparent during the 2005 event [ Phillips et al. , 2009]. Based on these ground data, both live biomass in trees and corresponding estimates of live biomass in roots, we estimate that intact forests in Amazonia were carbon neutral in 2010 (−0.07 PgC yr -1 CI:−0.42, 0.23), consistent with results from an independent analysis of airborne estimates of land-atmospheric fluxes during 2010 [ Gatti et al. , 2014]. Relative to the long-term mean, the 2010 drought resulted in a reduction in biomass carbon uptake of 1.1 PgC, compared to 1.6 PgC for the 2005 event [ Phillips et al . 2009].
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
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    Reefs of tomorrow: Eutrophication reduces coral biodiversity in an urbanized seascape (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Although the impacts of nutrient pollution on coral reefs are well known, surprisingly, no statistical relationships have ever been established between water quality parameters, coral biodiversity and coral cover. Hong Kong provides a unique opportunity to assess this relationship. Here, coastal waters have been monitored monthly since 1986, at 76 stations, providing a highly spatially resolved water quality dataset including 68,903 data points. Moreover, a robust coral species richness ( S ) dataset is available from more than 100 surveyed locations, composed of 3,453 individual colonies’ observations, as well as a coral cover ( CC ) dataset including 85 sites. This wealth of data provides a unique opportunity to test the hypothesis that water quality, and in particular nutrients, drives coral biodiversity. The influence of water quality on S and CC was analyzed using GIS and multiple regression modeling. Eutrophication (as chlorophyll-a concentration; CHLA) was negatively correlated with S and CC , whereas physico-chemical parameters (DO and salinity) had no significant effect. The modeling further illustrated that PSM, DIN and DIP had a negative effect on S and on CC , however, the effect of nutrients was 1.5 to 2-fold greater. The highest S and CC occurred where CHLA 〈 2 μ g.L −1 , DIN 〈 2 μ M and DIP 〈 0.1 μ M. Where these values were exceeded, S and CC were significantly lower and no live corals were observed where CHLA 〉 15 μ g.L −1 , DIN 〉 9 μ M and DIP 〉 0.33 μ M. This study demonstrates the importance of nutrients over other water quality parameters in coral biodiversity loss and highlights the key role of eutrophication in shaping coral reef ecosystems. This work also provides ecological thresholds that may be useful for water quality guidelines and nutrient-mitigation policies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 4
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    Simulations of chlorophyll fluorescence incorporated into the Community Land Model version 4 (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-19
    Description: Several studies have shown that satellite retrievals of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) provide useful information on terrestrial photosynthesis or gross primary production (GPP). Here, we have incorporated equations coupling SIF to photosynthesis in a land surface model, the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Land Model version 4 (NCAR CLM4) and have demonstrated its use as a diagnostic tool for evaluating the calculation of photosynthesis, a key process in a land surface model that strongly influences the carbon, water, and energy cycles. By comparing forward simulations of SIF, essentially as a byproduct of photosynthesis, in CLM4 with observations of actual SIF, it is possible to check whether the model is accurately representing photosynthesis and the processes coupled to it. We provide some background on how SIF is coupled to photosynthesis, describe how SIF was incorporated into CLM4, and demonstrate that our simulated relationship between SIF and GPP values are reasonable when compared with satellite (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite; GOSAT) and in situ flux-tower measurements. CLM4 overestimates SIF in tropical forests, and we show that this error can be corrected by adjusting the maximum carboxylation rate (V max ) specified for tropical forests in CLM4. Our study confirms that SIF has the potential to improve photosynthesis simulation and thereby can play a critical role in improving land surface and carbon cycle models. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 5
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    Choice of baseline climate data impacts projected species’ responses to climate change (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Climate data created from historic climate observations are integral to most assessments of potential climate change impacts, and frequently comprise the baseline period used to infer species-climate relationships. They are often also central to downscaling coarse resolution climate simulations from General Circulation Models (GCMs) in order to project future climate scenarios at ecologically relevant spatial scales. Uncertainty in these baseline data can be large, particularly where weather observations are sparse and climate dynamics are complex (e.g. over mountainous or coastal regions). Yet, importantly, this uncertainty is almost universally overlooked when assessing potential responses of species to climate change. Here we assessed the importance of historic baseline climate uncertainty for projections of species’ responses to future climate change. We built species distribution models (SDMs) for 895 African bird species of conservation concern, using six different climate baselines. We projected these models to two future periods (2040-2069, 2070-2099), using downscaled climate projections, and calculated species turnover and changes in species-specific climate suitability. We found that the choice of baseline climate data constituted an important source of uncertainty in projections of both species turnover and species-specific climate suitability, often comparable with, or more important than, uncertainty arising from the choice of GCM. Importantly, the relative contribution of these factors to projection uncertainty varied spatially. Moreover, when projecting SDMs to sites of biodiversity importance (Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas), these uncertainties altered site-level impacts, which could affect conservation prioritisation. Our results highlight that projections of species’ responses to climate change are sensitive to uncertainty in the baseline climatology. We recommend that this should be considered routinely in such analyses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 6
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    Global oceanic emission of ammonia: constraints from seawater and atmospheric observations (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-19
    Description: Current global inventories of ammonia emissions identify the ocean as the largest natural source. This source depends on seawater pH, temperature, and the concentration of total seawater ammonia ( NH x ( sw )), which reflects a balance between remineralization of organic matter, uptake by plankton, and nitrification. Here, we compare [ NH x ( sw )] from two global ocean biogeochemical models (BEC and COBALT) against extensive ocean observations. Simulated [ NH x ( sw )] are generally biased high. Improved simulation can be achieved in COBALT by increasing the plankton affinity for NH x within observed ranges. The resulting global ocean emissions is 2.5 TgN a −1 , much lower than current literature values(7–23 TgN a −1 ), including the widely used GEIA inventory (8 TgN a −1 ). Such a weak ocean source implies that continental sources contribute more than half of atmospheric NH x over most of the ocean in the Northern hemisphere. Ammonia emitted from oceanic sources is insufficient to neutralize sulfate aerosol acidity, consistent with observations. There is evidence over the Equatorial Pacific for a missing source of atmospheric ammonia that could be due to photolysis of marine organic nitrogen at the ocean surface or in the atmosphere. Accommodating this possible missing source yields a global ocean emission of ammonia in the range 2–5 TgN a −1 , comparable in magnitude to other natural sources from open fires and soils.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
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    Species-specific responses to climate change and community composition determine future calcification rates of Florida Keys reefs (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-27
    Description: Anthropogenic climate change compromises reef growth as a result of increasing temperatures and ocean acidification. Scleractinian corals vary in their sensitivity to these variables, suggesting species composition will influence how reef communities respond to future climate change. Because data are lacking for many species, most studies that model future reef growth rely on uniform scleractinian calcification sensitivities to temperature and ocean acidification. In order to address this knowledge gap, calcification of twelve common and understudied Caribbean coral species was measured for two months under crossed temperatures (27°C, 30.3°C) and CO 2 partial pressures ( p CO 2 ) (400, 900, 1300 μ atm). Mixed effects models of calcification for each species were then used to project community-level scleractinian calcification using Florida Keys reef composition data and IPCC AR5 ensemble climate model data. Three of the four most abundant species, Orbicella faveolata, Montastraea cavernosa, and Porites astreoides , had negative calcification responses to both elevated temperature and p CO 2 . In the business-as-usual CO 2 emissions scenario, reefs with high abundances of these species had projected end-of-century declines in scleractinian calcification of 〉50% relative to present-day rates. Siderastrea siderea , the other most-common species, was insensitive to both temperature and p CO 2 within the levels tested here. Reefs dominated by this species had the most stable end-of-century growth. Under more optimistic scenarios of reduced CO 2 emissions, calcification rates throughout the Florida Keys declined 〈20% by 2100. Under the most extreme emissions scenario, projected declines were highly variable among reefs, ranging 10 to 100%. Without considering bleaching, reef growth will likely decline on most reefs, especially where resistant species like S. siderea are not already dominant. This study demonstrates how species composition influences reef community responses to climate change and how reduced CO 2 emissions can limit future declines in reef calcification. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 8
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    Partitioning N2O Emissions within the US Corn Belt using an Inverse Modeling Approach (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-09
    Description: Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions within the US Corn Belt have been previously estimated to be 200-900% larger than predictions from emission inventories, implying that one or more source categories in bottom-up approaches are underestimated. Here we interpret hourly N 2 O concentrations measured during 2010 and 2011 at a tall tower using a time-inverted transport model and a scale factor Bayesian inverse method to simultaneously constrain direct and indirect agricultural emissions. The optimization revealed that both agricultural source categories were underestimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) inventory approach. However, the magnitude of the discrepancies differed substantially, ranging from 42–58% and 200–525% for direct and indirect components, respectively. Optimized agricultural N 2 O budgets for the Corn Belt were 319 ± 184 (total), 188 ± 66 (direct), and 131 ± 118 Gg-N yr -1 (indirect) in 2010, versus 471 ± 326, 198 ± 80, and 273 ± 246 Gg-N yr -1 in 2011. We attribute the inter-annual differences to varying moisture conditions, with increased precipitation in 2011 amplifying emissions. We found that indirect emissions represented 41–58% of the total agricultural budget, a considerably larger portion than the 25–30% predicted in bottom-up inventories, further highlighting the need for improved constraints on this source category. These findings further support the hypothesis that indirect emissions are presently underestimated in bottom-up inventories. Based on our results, we suggest an indirect emission factor for runoff and leaching ranging from 0.014–0.035 for the Corn Belt, which represents an upward adjustment of 1.9–4.6 times relative to the IPCC and is in agreement with recent bottom-up field studies.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    Testing the generality of above-ground biomass allometry across plant functional types at the continent scale (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-19
    Description: Accurate ground-based estimation of the carbon stored in terrestrial ecosystems is critical to quantifying the global carbon budget. Allometric models provide cost-effective methods for biomass prediction. But do such models vary with ecoregion or plant functional type? We compiled 15,054 measurements of individual tree or shrub biomass from across Australia to examine the generality of allometric models for prediction above-ground biomass. This provided a robust case study because Australia includes ecoregions ranging from arid shrublands to tropical rainforests, and has a rich history of biomass research, particularly in planted forests. Regardless of ecoregion, for five broad categories of plant functional type (shrubs; multi-stemmed trees; trees of the genus Eucalyptus and closely related genera; other trees of high wood density; and other trees of low wood density), relationships between biomass and stem diameter were generic. Simple power-law models explained 84-95% of the variation in biomass, with little improvement in model performance when other plant variables (height, bole wood density), or site characteristics (climate, age, management) were included. Predictions of stand-based biomass from allometric models of varying levels of generalisation (species-specific, plant functional type) were validated using whole-plot harvest data from 17 contrasting stands (range: 9 to 356 Mg ha −1 ). Losses in efficiency of prediction were 〈 1% if generalised models were used in place of species-specific models. Furthermore, application of generalised multi-species models did not introduce significant bias in biomass prediction in 92% of the 53 species tested. Further, overall efficiency of stand -level biomass prediction was 99%, with a mean absolute prediction error of only 13%. Hence, for cost-effective prediction of biomass across a wide range of stands, we recommend use of generic allometric models based on plant functional types. Development of new species-specific models is only warranted when gains in accuracy of stand-based predictions are relatively high (e.g. high-value monocultures). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 10
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    Preliminary December-January inflow and streamflow reconstructions from tree-rings for western Tasmania, southeastern Australia (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-16
    Description: Projected decreases and changes in the seasonal distribution of precipitation will have profound impacts on southeastern Australia, including its ability to generate renewable hydroelectricity. Recent decreases in precipitation over the region may be significant in the context of instrumental records, but the question of whether these decreases are within long-term natural variability remains. To help address this issue, we present December-January streamflow and dam inflow reconstructions for southeastern Australia. These reconstructions for the Tasmanian west coast are based solely on local tree-ring chronologies and span up to 1600 years. Non-parametric estimates, however, indicate good model skill for the last 458 years (streamflow) and 478 years (dam inflow). The reconstructions indicate that 20 th century conditions were well within the range of historical variability, and were in fact relatively wet. The period from ca. 1600 – 1750 CE was one of enhanced variability and a high proportion of low and high flow events occurred in the 17 th century. There are significant relationships between streamflow and inflow reconstructions and large-scale ocean-atmosphere processes such as ENSO and the Southern Annular Mode. Critically, our two reconstructions rely heavily on new tree-ring chronologies based on properties such as tracheid radial diameter, cell wall thickness and density, underscoring the importance of these different types of chronologies in reconstructions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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