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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 1 (1968), S. 269-276 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An examination of some characteristics of the blood plasma and urine of Trematomus bernacchii, an Antarctic fish, shows that at least in certain seasons the freezing points of these fluids are adjusted in response to environmental temperature. During October and November, freezing point of the urine was found to be about 0.7°C higher than that of the water. Adjustment of freezing point is seen to be intimately related to chloride concentration. At high temperatures magnesium concentration in the urine may be quite high; sodium replaces magnesium under cold stress. During cold stress, sodium and chloride move into the urine independently of each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 229 (1969), S. 34-38 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Technik der Bestimmung der relativen Schmelztemperaturen aus thermischer Kontraktion wurde auf vernetzte Keratinfasern angewendet. Die Einführung zusätzlicher Vernetzungen durch Formaldehyd ergibt eine vermehrte thermische Stabilität, doch nur für gewisse Bedingungen der Behandlung. Keine Änderung der thermischen Stabilität wird durch Einführung von Vernetzungen bei anderen Verfahren beobachtet. Jedoch erhöht die Reduktion des Wassergehaltes die thermische Stabilität in Wasser. Es wird vermutet, daß die Vernetzungen, die die thermische Stabilität beeinflussen, sehr eng mit der Struktur des Keratins verknüpft sind und diese durch FormaldehydBehandlung mit Formalhydrat in einer monomeren oder Mono-Hydrat-Form möglich ist. Formaldehyd-Behandlung stellt voll den Verlust an thermischer Stabilität von teilweise reduzierter Wolle wieder her, ein Effekt, der nicht bei anderen Vernetzungsarten eintritt.
    Notes: Abstract The technique of determining relative melting temperatures from thermal contraction data has been applied to crosslinked keratin fibres. The introduction of additional crosslinks by formaldehyde results in an increased thermal stability but only for certain conditions of treatment. No change of thermal stability is observed following the introduction of crosslinks by other treatments, but the reduction of water content increases the thermal stability in water. It is suggested that the crosslinks affecting thermal stability are those closely associated with the helical structure of keratin and this is achieved by formaldehyde treatments in which formaldehyde is in a monomeric or monohydrate form. Formaldehyde treatment fully restores the loss of thermal stability of partially reduced wool, an effect not achieved by other crosslinking treatments.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 229 (1969), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Keratinfasern erleiden eine Alpha-Beta-Umwandlung, wenn sie aufgeheizt werden, und sie können dabei ihre Länge kontrahieren. Wir haben die Bedingung untersucht, für die thermische Kontraktion eintritt, und wir haben die kinetischen Beziehungen der Kontraktionskurven verfolgt. Jede Kontraktion wurde bei konstanter Temperatur und entsprechend der Belastung der Faser gemessen, und die Kurven passieren dabei ein Maximum. Die Kontraktion wird als Maß dafür genommen, daß Schmelzen eintritt, und es ist die übliche Methode, die relativen Schmelztemperaturen der verschiedenen Fasern zu bestimmen. Die maximale Konzentration ist ein reproduzierbarer Punkt auf der Kontraktionskurve. Das Kontraktionsverhalten ist zeit- und temperaturabhängig; bei höheren Temperaturen werden kürzere Zeiten für die Kontraktion benötigt. Es besteht eine beträchtliche Variation zwischen verschiedenen Fasertypen. Die Temperatur, bei welcher jeder Fasertyp eine gleichartige Kontraktionskurve gibt, wird definiert als Schmelztemperatur einer Referenz-Faser. Die Schmelztemperatur-Beziehung für Fasertypen Lincoln, Corriedale und Merino-Wollen sowie Pferdehaare sind für trockene Fasern und Fasern in Wasser gegeben. Andere Immersionsmedien modifizieren das Kontraktionsverhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Keratin fibres undergo anα-gb transformation when heated and may contract in length. We have investigated the conditions required for thermal contraction to occur and the kinetic relations of the contraction curves. Each contraction has been measured at a constant temperature and according to the load on the fibre the contraction curve may pass through a maximum. Contraction is taken as a measure that melting has occurred and is a convenient method of establishing relative melting temperatures of various fibres. Maximum contraction is a reproducible point on the contraction curve. Contraction behaviour is time-temperature dependent at higher temperatures shorter times are required for contraction. There is considerable variation with fibre type. The temperature at which each fibre type gives a similar contraction curve is defined as the melting temperature of a reference fibre. The melting temperature relationship of four fibre types, Lincoln, Corriedale and Merino wools, and horsehair are given for dry fibres and fibres in water. Other immersion media modify the contraction behaviour.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Papers in regional science 23 (1969), S. 79-80 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-07-02
    Description: In the search for evidence of past aqueous activity by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, fracture-filling veins and rock coatings are prime candidates for exploration. At one location within a segment of remaining rim material surrounding Endeavour Crater, a set of "boxwork" fractures in an outcrop called Esperance are filled by a bright, hydrated, and highly siliceous (SiO 2 ~ 66 wt%) material, which has overall a montmorillonite-like chemical composition. This material is partially covered by patches of a thin, dark coating that is sulfate-rich (SO 3 ~ 21 wt%) but also contains significant levels of Si, Fe, Ca, and Mg. The simultaneous presence of abundant S, Si, and Fe indicates significant mineralogical complexity within the coating. This combination of vein and coating compositions is unlike previous analyses on Mars. Both materials are heterogeneously eroded, presumably by eolian abrasion. The evidence indicates at least two separate episodes of solute precipitation from aqueous fluids at this location, possibly widely separated in time. In addition to the implications for multiple episodes of alteration at the surface of the planet, aqueous chemical environments such as these would have been habitable at the time of their formation and are also favorable for preservation of organic material.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-06-03
    Description: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter HiRISE images and Opportunity rover observations of the ~22 km wide Noachian age Endeavour Crater on Mars show that the rim and surrounding terrains were densely fractured during the impact crater-forming event. Fractures have also propagated upward into the overlying Burns formation sandstones. Opportunity’s observations show that the western crater rim segment, called Murray Ridge, is composed of impact breccias with basaltic compositions, as well as occasional fracture-filling calcium sulfate veins. Cook Haven, a gentle depression on Murray Ridge, and the site where Opportunity spent its sixth winter, exposes highly fractured, recessive outcrops that have relatively high concentrations of S and Cl, consistent with modest aqueous alteration. Opportunity’s rover wheels serendipitously excavated and overturned several small rocks from a Cook Haven fracture zone. Extensive measurement campaigns were conducted on two of them: Pinnacle Island and Stuart Island. These rocks have the highest concentrations of Mn and S measured to date by Opportunity and occur as a relatively bright sulfate-rich coating on basaltic rock, capped by a thin deposit of one or more dark Mn oxide phases intermixed with sulfate minerals. We infer from these unique Pinnacle Island and Stuart Island rock measurements that subsurface precipitation of sulfate-dominated coatings was followed by an interval of partial dissolution and reaction with one or more strong oxidants (e.g., O 2 ) to produce the Mn oxide mineral(s) intermixed with sulfate-rich salt coatings. In contrast to arid regions on Earth, where Mn oxides are widely incorporated into coatings on surface rocks, our results demonstrate that on Mars the most likely place to deposit and preserve Mn oxides was in fracture zones where migrating fluids intersected surface oxidants, forming precipitates shielded from subsequent physical erosion.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-03-02
    Description: Orbital and in-situ data from the surface of Mars indicate that nanophase weathering products are important constituents of martian rocks and soils. Nanophase minerals have the capacity to chemisorb anions like sulfate and phosphate onto their surfaces, but it is not known whether chemisorption is an important or even detectable process via orbital and in-situ observations. The detection of chemisorbed sulfate and phosphate anions on nanophase minerals would constrain the speciation of these anions and past aqueous environmental conditions. Here, we synthesized two nanophase weathering products that are common in terrestrial volcanic soils and have been identified on the martian surface: allophane and nanophase ferric oxide as represented by ferrihydrite. We specifically adsorbed sulfate and phosphate separately onto the nanophase mineral surfaces (4.5 and 1.6 wt% SO 4 2– , and 6.7 and 8.9 wt% PO 4 3– on allophane and ferrihydrite, respectively) and analyzed the untreated and chemisorbed materials using instruments similar to those on orbital and landed Mars missions (including X-ray diffraction, evolved gas analysis, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and VNIR and thermal-IR spectroscopy). Evolved gas analysis is the optimum method to detect chemisorbed sulfate, with SO 2(g) being released at 〉900 °C for allophane and 400–800 °C for ferrihydrite. Chemisorbed sulfate and phosphate anions affect the thermal-IR spectra of allophane and ferrihydrite in the S-O and P-O stretching region when present in abundances of only a few weight percent; S-O and P-O stretching bands are apparent as short-wavelength shoulders on Si-O stretching bands. Sulfate and phosphate anions chemisorbed to allophane have small but measurable effects on the position of the OH-H 2 O bands at 1.4 and 1.9 μm in near-IR spectra. Chemisorbed sulfate and phosphate anions did not affect the X-ray diffraction patterns, Mössbauer spectra, and visible/near-IR spectra of ferrihydrite. These data suggest that sulfate chemisorbed onto the surfaces of nanophase minerals can be detected with the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Mars science laboratory Curiosity rover, and subtle signatures of chemisorbed sulfate and phosphate may be detectable by IR spectrometers on landed missions. The combined use of SAM, the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument, and the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) on Curiosity allows for the most detailed characterization to date of nanophase minerals in martian rocks and soils and the potential presence of chemisorbed anionic complexes.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-04-02
    Description: The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity has documented a section of fluvio-lacustrine strata at Yellowknife Bay (YKB), an embayment on the floor of Gale crater, approximately 500 m east of the Bradbury landing site. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and evolved gas analysis (EGA) data from the CheMin and SAM instruments show that two powdered mudstone samples (named John Klein and Cumberland) drilled from the Sheepbed member of this succession contain up to ~20 wt% clay minerals. A trioctahedral smectite, likely a ferrian saponite, is the only clay mineral phase detected in these samples. Smectites of the two samples exhibit different 001 spacing under the low partial pressures of H 2 O inside the CheMin instrument (relative humidity 〈1%). Smectite interlayers in John Klein collapsed sometime between clay mineral formation and the time of analysis to a basal spacing of 10 Å, but largely remain open in the Cumberland sample with a basal spacing of ~13.2 Å. Partial intercalation of Cumberland smectites by metal-hydroxyl groups, a common process in certain pedogenic and lacustrine settings on Earth, is our favored explanation for these differences. The relatively low abundances of olivine and enriched levels of magnetite in the Sheepbed mudstone, when compared with regional basalt compositions derived from orbital data, suggest that clay minerals formed with magnetite in situ via aqueous alteration of olivine. Mass-balance calculations are permissive of such a reaction. Moreover, the Sheepbed mudstone mineral assemblage is consistent with minimal inputs of detrital clay minerals from the crater walls and rim. Early diagenetic fabrics suggest clay mineral formation prior to lithification. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that the production of authigenic magnetite and saponite at surficial temperatures requires a moderate supply of oxidants, allowing circum-neutral pH. The kinetics of olivine alteration suggest the presence of fluids for thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Mineralogical evidence of the persistence of benign aqueous conditions at YKB for extended periods indicates a potentially habitable environment where life could establish itself. Mediated oxidation of Fe 2+ in olivine to Fe 3+ in magnetite, and perhaps in smectites provided a potential energy source for organisms.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-10
    Print ISSN: 1567-7419
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1510
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1968-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0025-3162
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1793
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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