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  • 1
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    CO2 electroreduction to ethylene via hydroxide-mediated copper catalysis at an abrupt interface (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-18
    Description: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) electroreduction could provide a useful source of ethylene, but low conversion efficiency, low production rates, and low catalyst stability limit current systems. Here we report that a copper electrocatalyst at an abrupt reaction interface in an alkaline electrolyte reduces CO 2 to ethylene with 70% faradaic efficiency at a potential of –0.55 volts versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Hydroxide ions on or near the copper surface lower the CO 2 reduction and carbon monoxide (CO)–CO coupling activation energy barriers; as a result, onset of ethylene evolution at –0.165 volts versus an RHE in 10 molar potassium hydroxide occurs almost simultaneously with CO production. Operational stability was enhanced via the introduction of a polymer-based gas diffusion layer that sandwiches the reaction interface between separate hydrophobic and conductive supports, providing constant ethylene selectivity for an initial 150 operating hours.
    Keywords: Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of polypropylene (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 223-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effectiveness of polyproylene antioxidant systems in other than a simple oxidative environment has been studied. For example, it has been found that contact of stabilized propylene polymers with a number of materials, particularly with plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) and with copper and copper salts, markedly decreases the resistance of the composition toward oxidative degradation. The use of antioxidants having higher molecular weights results in improved retention of stabilization when polypropylene is used in contact with materials such as plasticized poly (vinyl chloride), presumably because partition of the antioxidant from the polypropylene composition is decreased. Antioxidant effectiveness in polypropylene compositions in contact with copper can be greatly increased by the addition of new and more effective copper inbibitors. The usefulness of copper compleming agents such as hydrazides, triazoles, tetrazoles, and derivatives of malonamide and oxamide are compared in polypropylene compositions containing copper dust and antioxidants.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050403
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-formaldehyde-hydrogen sulfide system. II. Formation and growth of thiomethylenic chains.Prod. No. 1341 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 859-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A linear polymer with a high melting point is obtained from the water-formaldehyde-hydrogen sulfide system in the presence of sulfuric acid. This polymer is substantially formed by a polythiomethylene chain with a few oxymethylene units. Its formation involves a topochemical reaction of the mercaptomethanol present in solution on the first separation solid of the system. On heating, the polymer loses oxymethylene units; in the same way, the first solid product separated from the system loses formaldehyde and undergoes a morphological and chemical transformation to polythiomethylene.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100603
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation by electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction of the microstructure of permselective membranes made from polyethylene (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 909-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ion-permselective membranes containing polyethylene in their base material have been examined by direct transmission electron micrography and x-ray diffraction. All of the electron micrographs showed white lines of about 100 A. thickness between somewhat thinner black lines composed of granules. These lines often occur as black-white-black triplets. We tentatively explain these structural elements by assuming that they are cross sections of the crystallite platelets, characteristic for polyethylene, reacted on both of their faces during sulfochlorination. It is known, that these platelets are about 100 A. thick, X-ray diffraction experiments also showed the characteristic lines of polyethylene crystallites, their intensity decreasing after sulfonation. The velocity of heterogeneous sulfochlorination of polyethylene sheets decreases abruptly when the film contains 6% S and 7% Cl (after hydrolysis). This m̰eans six substituted sites on a chain element across the platelet for a 100% crystalline film and accordingly less for a partially amorphous material. It is known that five CH2 groups of each chain element are exposed at the surface of the platelets, in good agreement with our findings.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110611
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The zonal centrifuge applied to the purification of a low-yield virus in human leukemia cells (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 651-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The herpes-type virus found in certain cell cultures derived from Burkitt's lymphoma, other human leukemias, and normal human leukocytes, was concentrated and partially purified by large-volume density gradient centrifugation using zonal centrifuge systems. Using the Jiyoye (P-3) cell line as a model, rate-zonal runs on disrupted cell suspensions in sucrose gradients yielded concentrates with high virus particle counts when 10-15 ml of packed cells were processed per liter of gradient. Isolation and removal of cell nuclei or fluorocarbon treatment of cell sonicates permitted virus recovery from larger volumes of cells per experiment. Zonal centrifugation of concentrated cell-free spent media from highly infected cell cultures yielded more purified virus than obtained from cells. Viral concentrates were prepared with particle counts of 1010-1011/ml and total protein concentrations of 0.2-0.5 mg/ml. Subsequent isopyenie-zonal centrifugation of the various high-count virus fractions from the zonal centrifuge showed a heterogeneity in buoyant virus density ranging from 1.18 to 1.27 in potassium tart rate. The spread in virus density was attributed to the different morphological forms of the virus observed by electron microscopy.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100510
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of centrifugation on the viability of Burkitt lymphoma cellsContribution No. 1126 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Presented at the 154th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 10-15, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 641-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the effects of centrifugation on the viability of mammalian cells. The authors used Burkitt lymphoma cells cultivated in a synthetic medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for all experiments. Batch centrifugations were conducted in a RC2-B centrifuge (Ivan Sorvall, Incorporated, Norwalk, Connecticut USA) operated at 0 and 25°C. During centrifugation we exposed the cells to gravitational fields ranging from 24,800 to 42.200g. The results showed that at, 0°C and 25,800 or 42,000g no loss in cell viability occurred for up to 90 min exposures in the centrifugal field. However, at 25°C and for gravitational fields of 24,800 and 42,000g, there were appreciable losses in cell viability. Continuous centrifugation studies in the Sharples supercentrifuge (Division of Penn Salt Corporation, Warminister, Pennsylvania USA) were also conducted with bowl speeds up to 28,000 rpm (19,000g) and flow rates ranging from 1.4 to 20 1, hr. Slight, losses in cell viability were noted and postulated as caused by the shear stresses encountered by the cells. Some pumping studies using the lymphoma cells substantiate this conclusion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100509
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate data and derivatives (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 1110-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In most rate process problems, the original experimental data must be differentiated to obtain the derivatives, which are the information actually sought. For first derivatives all the commonly used methods give about the same result. However, the common methods of calculating derivatives can give very different second derivatives for the same set of starting data. Thus, in problems in which the desired result is a second derivative, the answer obtained is a strong function of the method used to calculate second derivatives. This is illustrated by several examples.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120614
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bubble driven fluid circulations (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 14 (1968), S. 222-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bubble driven fluid circulations are present in bubble columns, gas lifts, pool boiling, etc. Their mechanism is shown to be quite similar to the mechanism of natural covection but with much larger driving forces. These circulations are stable in many baffled systems but unstable and rapidly changing in size, shape, and orientation in unbaffled systems. The effect of these circulations in bubble columns is to lower holdup and vapor residence time, thus decreasing the mass transfer efficiency of the column.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690140205
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bubble shapes in nucleate boiling (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 344-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An attempt is made to explain the differently shaped bubbles observed growing on a surface during nucleate boiling of water. Some of the bubbles photographed were very close to the spherical shape, while others were close to the hemispherical. Also, a number of bubbles had intermediate shapes and were called oblate bubbles.Measurements of bubble dimensions and growth rates obtained from high-speed films were analyzed. By using a modified Rayleigh equation, the relative importance of the inertial and surface tension forces was computed. it appeared that the differences in shapes among bubbles can be explained on the basis of the relative importance of these forces.It was found that for spherical bubbles inertial forces are small because of the slow growth rate and surface tension is clearly the dominant force. For hemispherical bubbles, however, the fast growth rate causes a very large inertial force which is greater than surface tension. For the oblate bubbles neither of the forces was found to be dominate and inertia as well as surface tension determines the shape.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120225
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pressure dependence of permeation constants (1966)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 12 (1966), S. 1030-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690120541
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