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  • 2015-2019  (11)
  • 1965-1969  (6)
  • 1940-1944  (7)
  • 1880-1889
  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Oxford [u.a.] : Pergamon Pr.
    Call number: G 5017
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VII, 162 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: The Commonwealth and international library : geology division
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Tropopause‐penetrating convection is a frequent seasonal feature of the Central United States climate. This convection presents the potential for consistent transport of water vapor into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) through the lofting of ice, which then sublimates. Water vapor enhancements associated with convective ice lofting have been observed in both in situ and satellite measurements. These water vapor enhancements can increase the probability of sulfate aerosol‐catalyzed heterogeneous reactions that convert reservoir chlorine (HCl and ClONO2) to free radical chlorine (Cl and ClO) that leads to catalytic ozone loss. In addition to water vapor transport, lofted ice may also scavenge nitric acid and further impact the chlorine activation chemistry of the UTLS. We present a photochemical model that resolves the vertical chemical structure of the UTLS to explore the effect of water vapor enhancements and potential additional nitric acid removal. The model is used to define the response of stratospheric column ozone to the range of convective water vapor transported and the temperature variability of the lower stratosphere currently observed over the Central United States in conjunction with potential nitric acid removal and to scenarios of elevated sulfate aerosol surface area density representative of possible future volcanic eruptions or solar radiation management. We find that the effect of HNO3 removal is dependent on the magnitude of nitric acid removal and has the greatest potential to increase chlorine activation and ozone loss under UTLS conditions that weakly favor the chlorine activation heterogeneous reactions by reducing NOx sources.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-04-01
    Description: Understanding and reducing uncertainties in ground-motion prediction are high priorities for seismic-hazard analysis. This article examines , the variability in synthetic ground motions at rock sites caused by the variability in randomly generated velocity profiles of the geological column from 5 km depth to the surface. Only sites with V S 30 of 500 m/s or higher are considered, and linearity is assumed. These synthetic estimates of the mean value of are a complicated but understandable function of magnitude, period, and V S 30 . The distribution of modeled residual response spectral amplitudes at several oscillator periods is not lognormal, but the deviations are in the central part of the distribution, in which the effect on probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis may not be very large. Adding another constraint to the velocity profile, namely that the shear-wave velocity of the uppermost layer should be at least 70% of V S 30 , greatly reduces the uncertainty at high frequencies. We tentatively identify sites with this property as nonresonant rock, because it excludes sites with a strong resonance in a thin shallow layer. The reduction in uncertainty that this allows might reduce or eliminate the contradiction between the U.S. National Seismic Hazard Map and precarious rocks in southern California. Furthermore, for nonresonant rock sites, the residual impact of the ergodic assumption might be reduced to more tolerable levels. Online Material: Tables of variability values.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: We estimate the variance in ground motions related to repeated large earthquakes occurring on the same fault segment with similar magnitudes. We find eight earthquake pairs for which suitable strong-motion records exist. Two are crustal strike-slip earthquakes from California and six are subduction zone earthquakes from Japan. We consider only large earthquakes and deal with frequencies greater than the earthquake corner frequency, so the variability that is considered here is related to smaller scale differences in the rupture process, particularly on the part of the fault nearest the station. We find that the variance of the 5% damped spectral accelerations of these pairs, termed , averages to about 45% and 80% of 2 for the crustal and subduction zone earthquakes, respectively, in which 2 is the contribution of source variability to the total variability of ground motion estimated by some recent ground-motion prediction equations. We suggest that is lower than 2 , for the frequencies at which is estimated, because it depends primarily on only local physical properties of a fault that are the same in repeated earthquakes. We therefore suggest that at sites where the hazard is controlled by a single rerupturing source, one could potentially use a between-event variance that is smaller than 2 in seismic-hazard calculations. Thus, these results may help to resolve the inconsistencies that are now present between the national hazard maps and some precariously balanced rocks in southern California.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 31 (1885), S. 316-316 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE annexed copy extracts from letter dated Kingston, Jamaica, January 8, from Capt. Spray, of our s.s. Maroon, will no doubt interest you. Are we right in thinking that the shock he felt was probably connected with the Spanish earthquakes? Extract of Letter from Capt. Spray Kingston, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 212 (1966), S. 1059-1060 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Micro-organisms on sand grains are difficult to examine in situ, but we have obtained repeatable pictures by treating sand grains with osmic acid and Bouin's fixative, and then staining with carbol fuchsin. Our results on marine sands show that micro-organisms and organic material are always ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 152 (1943), S. 277-277 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DURING a recent examination of a disused quarry situated 750 yards west 10° south of Rothesay Pier, and 1,200 yards north 15° west of the north end of the Kirk Dam, a band of limestone was observed on the north side of a broad east-west Permo-Carboniferous quartz-dolerite dyke. The limestone ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 33 (1969), S. 33-46 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a calculé le nombre de bactéries sur les surfaces des granules de sable, situées entre la marée haute et la marée basse. La méthode de calcul était la suivante: secouer le sable ou dans l'eau de mer, ou dans l'eau déionisée, ou dans le ‘teepol’ 0.1 % (détersif). On a calculé les comptes totaux, les comptes viables et les densités optiques des produits de lavage ainsi obtenus. C'était le ‘teepol’ 0.1 % qui a détaché des granules de sable le plus grand nombre de bactéries, l'eau déionisée en a détaché moins, tandis que l'eau de mer en a détaché encore moins. Il est évident qu'une corrélation définie existe entre les comptes totaux et les densités optiques, mais une telle corrélation était beaucoup moins évidente entre les comptes viables et les densités optiques. Le compte total et le compte viable de bactéries sur la surface des granules de sable démontraient de grandes variations, mais ces variations étaient plus extrêmes dans le cas du compte viable que dans le cas du compte total. Les dimensions des parcelles de sable s'échelonnaient de 0,18 à 0,52 mm en diamètre. Les comptes totaux s'échelonnaient de 25 × 103 à 259 × 103/mm2 de surface des granules de sable, c'est à dire de 140 × 106 à 1183 × 106/g sable desséché; les comptes viables respectifs s'échelonnaient de 0.2 à 40/mm2 et de 2,6 × 103 à 241 × 103/g. Nul rapport n'était perceptible entre le nombre de bactéries et la dimension des parcelles. Les expériences semblent indiquer qu'une violente activité des ondes peut détacher de grands nombres des bactéries des surfaces des granules de sable. Il est évident que l'eau de pluie et l'eau qui s'écoule de la terre peuvent aussi déplacer les bactéries des surfaces de granules de sable, situées entre la marée haute et la marée basse, et qu'en même temps ces eaux diminueront le mouvement de l'eau interstitieille.
    Notes: Summary The number of bacteria on the surfaces of intertidal sand grains has been estimated by shaking sand with sea-water, de-ionized water and 0.1 % teepol. Total counts, viable counts, and optical densities of the resultant washings were measured. 0.1 % teepol caused the largest number of bacteria to detach from sand grains, followed by de-ionized water, and lastly by sea-water. Total counts and optical densities were strongly correlated. There was little relation between viable counts and optical densities. The total and viable number of bacteria on the surfaces of sand grains showed great variation, but viable counts varied more than did total. Sand particle size ranged from 0.18 to 0.52 mm diam. Total counts ranged from 25 × 103 to 259 × 103/mm2 of sand grain surface, that is from 140 × 106 to 1183 × 106/g dry sand; the respective viable counts were 0.2 to 40/mm2 and 2.6 × 103 to 241 × 103/g. No relationship was observed between bacterial numbers and particle size. Experiments suggest that heavy wave action will remove large numbers of bacteria from the surfaces of sand grains. It is also evident that rain water and run-off from the land will wash bacteria from the surfaces of intertidal sand grains, and at the same time will reduce the flow of interstitial water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: The peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV) from 5058 ruptures of a foam rubber stick-slip model are not distributed according to a lognormal probability distribution function. PGA and PGV values are decomposed using the method of Anderson and Uchiyama (2011) . The statistically significant deviations from the lognormal distribution occur near the peak of the distribution. In some cases, high-amplitude tails differ by a much greater ratio, but the statistical significance of this effect is low. This result is true of both raw data and data adjusted for site and magnitude. Event terms are also not lognormal but can be modeled as a sum of three or four lognormal subdistributions, which possibly represent different preferred rupture initiation points rather than a uniform distribution of initiation points. The event term subdistributions with highest median values have small standard deviations, so if shapes of this nature were used in ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) during a probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis, the effect of the long tail of the lognormal distribution in controlling the hazard would be weakened considerably. Static stress drop was recorded for each event, and event terms for PGA and PGV are well correlated with static stress drop. Unlike Next Generation Attenuation-West 2 GMPEs, residual variances for the foam model are dominated by variability in the source slip function, rather than the path and site effects. This difference in the variance budget results from the way in which the source and site residuals are defined in this study; the source uncertainty includes variation in the rupture size (magnitude) and location, along with deviations in distance and path. We do not know if these results apply to earthquakes, but we do think tests of repeating stick-slip events in a physical system are useful to expand the set of credible hypotheses regarding possible behavior modes of earthquake faults.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-02-25
    Description: The goal of probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis (PSHA) is to summarize the rates of seismic ground-motion hazards at a site. The basic assumption is that true hazard curves exist to express the exceedance rates of any ground-motion amplitude at a site. Procedurally, PSHA depends on a complete and accurate description of seismicity combined with a model for ground motions using standard probabilistic methods to estimate the hazard curve. The hazard curve can be improved by improving inputs and by identifying and then resolving inconsistencies between observations and estimated hazard. However, these inconsistencies do not invalidate the existence of the hazard curve or the probability theory used to estimate it.
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
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