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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-07-16
    Description: Mutation rates vary within genomes, but the causes of this remain unclear. As many prior inferences rely on methods that assume an absence of selection, potentially leading to artefactual results, we call mutation events directly using a parent-offspring sequencing strategy focusing on Arabidopsis and using rice and honey bee for replication. Here we show that mutation rates are higher in heterozygotes and in proximity to crossover events. A correlation between recombination rate and intraspecific diversity is in part owing to a higher mutation rate in domains of high recombination/diversity. Implicating diversity per se as a cause, we find an approximately 3.5-fold higher mutation rate in heterozygotes than in homozygotes, with mutations occurring in closer proximity to heterozygous sites than expected by chance. In a genome that is a patchwork of heterozygous and homozygous domains, mutations occur disproportionately more often in the heterozygous domains. If segregating mutations predispose to a higher local mutation rate, clusters of genes dominantly under purifying selection (more commonly homozygous) and under balancing selection (more commonly heterozygous), might have low and high mutation rates, respectively. Our results are consistent with this, there being a ten times higher mutation rate in pathogen resistance genes, expected to be under positive or balancing selection. Consequently, we do not necessarily need to evoke extremely weak selection on the mutation rate to explain why mutational hot and cold spots might correspond to regions under positive/balancing and purifying selection, respectively.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Sihai -- Wang, Long -- Huang, Ju -- Zhang, Xiaohui -- Yuan, Yang -- Chen, Jian-Qun -- Hurst, Laurence D -- Tian, Dacheng -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 23;523(7561):463-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14649. Epub 2015 Jul 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China. ; The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26176923" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; Artifacts ; Bees/*genetics ; Crossing Over, Genetic/genetics ; Female ; Genome/genetics ; Genomics ; *Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Male ; Meiosis/genetics ; Multigene Family/genetics ; Mutagenesis/*genetics ; *Mutation Rate ; Oryza/*genetics ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Selection, Genetic/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-07-02
    Description: Lenalidomide is a highly effective treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with deletion of chromosome 5q (del(5q)). Here, we demonstrate that lenalidomide induces the ubiquitination of casein kinase 1A1 (CK1alpha) by the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL4-RBX1-DDB1-CRBN (known as CRL4(CRBN)), resulting in CK1alpha degradation. CK1alpha is encoded by a gene within the common deleted region for del(5q) MDS and haploinsufficient expression sensitizes cells to lenalidomide therapy, providing a mechanistic basis for the therapeutic window of lenalidomide in del(5q) MDS. We found that mouse cells are resistant to lenalidomide but that changing a single amino acid in mouse Crbn to the corresponding human residue enables lenalidomide-dependent degradation of CK1alpha. We further demonstrate that minor side chain modifications in thalidomide and a novel analogue, CC-122, can modulate the spectrum of substrates targeted by CRL4(CRBN). These findings have implications for the clinical activity of lenalidomide and related compounds, and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of novel modulators of E3 ubiquitin ligases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kronke, Jan -- Fink, Emma C -- Hollenbach, Paul W -- MacBeth, Kyle J -- Hurst, Slater N -- Udeshi, Namrata D -- Chamberlain, Philip P -- Mani, D R -- Man, Hon Wah -- Gandhi, Anita K -- Svinkina, Tanya -- Schneider, Rebekka K -- McConkey, Marie -- Jaras, Marcus -- Griffiths, Elizabeth -- Wetzler, Meir -- Bullinger, Lars -- Cathers, Brian E -- Carr, Steven A -- Chopra, Rajesh -- Ebert, Benjamin L -- P01 CA066996/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01CA108631/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL082945/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL082945/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 9;523(7559):183-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14610. Epub 2015 Jul 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Hematology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] University Hospital of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine III, 89081 Ulm, Germany [3] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Hematology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Celgene Corporation, San Diego, California 92121, USA. ; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Hematology, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA. ; University Hospital of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine III, 89081 Ulm, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26131937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Casein Kinase I/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/pharmacology ; Jurkat Cells ; K562 Cells ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes/*genetics/*physiopathology ; Peptide Hydrolases/chemistry ; Proteolysis/drug effects ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Deletion ; Species Specificity ; Thalidomide/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism ; Ubiquitination/*drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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