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  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (7)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (6)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (4)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • Washington, DC : United States Gov. Print. Off.
  • 2015-2019  (6)
  • 1985-1989  (11)
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  • 1
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    Titanium dioxide/silicon hole-blocking selective contact to enable double-heterojunction crystalline silicon-based solar cell (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-27
    Description: In this work, we use an electron-selective titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) heterojunction contact to silicon to block minority carrier holes in the silicon from recombining at the cathode contact of a silicon-based photovoltaic device. We present four pieces of evidence demonstrating the beneficial effect of adding the TiO 2 hole-blocking layer: reduced dark current, increased open circuit voltage (V OC ), increased quantum efficiency at longer wavelengths, and increased stored minority carrier charge under forward bias. The importance of a low rate of recombination of minority carriers at the Si/TiO 2 interface for effective blocking of minority carriers is quantitatively described. The anode is made of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) heterojunction to silicon which forms a hole selective contact, so that the entire device is made at a maximum temperature of 100 °C, with no doping gradients or junctions in the silicon. A low rate of recombination of minority carriers at the Si/TiO 2 interface is crucial for effective blocking of minority carriers. Such a pair of complementary carrier-selective heterojunctions offers a path towards high-efficiency silicon solar cells using relatively simple and near-room temperature fabrication techniques.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 2
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    Extensive arsenic contamination in high-pH unconfined aquifers in the Indus Valley (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-24
    Description: Arsenic-contaminated aquifers are currently estimated to affect ~150 million people around the world. However, the full extent of the problem remains elusive. This is also the case in Pakistan, where previous studies focused on isolated areas. Using a new data set of nearly 1200 groundwater quality samples throughout Pakistan, we have created state-of-the-art hazard and risk maps of arsenic-contaminated groundwater for thresholds of 10 and 50 μg/liter. Logistic regression analysis was used with 1000 iterations, where surface slope, geology, and soil parameters were major predictor variables. The hazard model indicates that much of the Indus Plain is likely to have elevated arsenic concentrations, although the rest of the country is mostly safe. Unlike other arsenic-contaminated areas of Asia, the arsenic release process in the arid Indus Plain appears to be dominated by elevated-pH dissolution, resulting from alkaline topsoil and extensive irrigation of unconfined aquifers, although pockets of reductive dissolution are also present. We estimate that approximately 50 million to 60 million people use groundwater within the area at risk, with hot spots around Lahore and Hyderabad. This number is alarmingly high and demonstrates the urgent need for verification and testing of all drinking water wells in the Indus Plain, followed by appropriate mitigation measures.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    NCoR1-independent mechanism plays a role in the action of the unliganded thyroid hormone receptor [Medical Sciences] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-04
    Description: Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) is considered to be the major corepressor that mediates ligand-independent actions of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) during development and in hypothyroidism. We tested this by expressing a hypomorphic NCoR1 allele (NCoR1ΔID), which cannot interact with the TR, in Pax8-KO mice, which make no thyroid...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Lateral isotopic discontinuity in the lower crust: an example from antarctica (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-09-04
    Description: The lower continental crust is one of the least known variables in the crust-mantle evolutionary equation. In order to study the nature and compositional heterogeneity of the lower crust, more than 20 inclusions of lower crustal granulites in volcanic rocks from the McMurdo Sound region of Antarctica were analyzed for strontium and oxygen isotopes. These inclusions were erupted from volcanic centers covering an area of 12,000 square kilometers. Along with results from analyses of major and trace elements, the isotopic data reveal a profound discontinuity in the composition and probably the age of the lower crust that coincides with the boundary between the Transantarctic Mountains and the Ross Embayment. Although this topographic boundary between East and West Antarctica is largely a Cenozoic development, which apparently reflects a simple subvertical faulting relationship due to crustal rifting, the isotopic differences in the lower crust across the boundary suggest that the current faulting and rifting may coincide with an older crustal suture, the age of which is uncertain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kalamarides, R I -- Berg, J H -- Hank, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Sep 4;237(4819):1192-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17801643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Domain structures in soft-ferromagnetic thin-film objects (invited) (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 4194-4199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A self-consistent domain theory, based on micromagnetic principles, is unfolded for two-dimensional solenoidal M distributions present in ideally soft-magnetic plane-parallel thin-film objects at zero external field and in the absence of conduction currents. Two types of domain configurations are distinguished: the basic structures in simply connected regions and the parallel configurations in special types of multiply connected regions—the parallel regions. A decomposition of the objects's area into disjunct subregions, either simply connected or of the parallel type, whose union completely covers the object, is put forward. A procedure for constructing all feasible parallel regions is presented. In each region, the appropriate solenoidal M distribution is specified with which M is taken parallel to the subregion's boundary. Thus, all the domain structures possible in thin-film objects with arbitrary lateral shapes can be constructed. Experimental examples are provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338474
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-consistent domain theory in soft-ferromagnetic media. III. Composite domain structures in thin-film objects (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 1952-1959 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The self-consistent domain theory, based on micromagnetic principles, is further developed in order to incorporate all possible solenoidal two-dimensional magnetization distributions in plane-parallel thin-film objects with arbitrary lateral shape. A decomposition of the object into a number of disjunct plane-parallel subregions that completely cover the object's area is put forward. In each subregion, a solenoidal M distribution is defined with the M vector parallel to the subregion's boundary, so that the M distributions in adjacent subregions properly link either via a continuous transition, or via a 180° wall at the intermediate boundary. Two types of subregions are distinguished; namely, the simple connected regions and the so-called parallel regions, being a special type of multiple connected region. In the first category, the basic structures as defined in the preceding paper on this subject are present. The parallel regions are closed ringlike configurations that are built of simpler units—the parallel segments. A parallel segment is a region bounded by two orthogonal trajectories of the same set of straight lines, while two of these straight lines close the segment at either end. No points of intersection of members of this family of lines are found inside the segment. In a specific parallel region, the distance between the orthogonal trajectories is the same for all segments. Adjacent segments in a parallel region are separated by a domain wall which is the locus of centers inside the cross section of the segments of circles that touch at corresponding orthogonal edges of both of the segments involved. A systematic procedure is developed for constructing the parallel subregions, and it is shown that, with this, all possible two-dimensional solenoidal M distributions can be recovered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339533
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-consistent domain theory in soft-ferromagnetic media. II. Basic domain structures in thin-film objects (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 1104-1113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A construction method for determining the domain structure in ideally soft-ferromagnetic cylindrical objects with plane-parallel top and bottom surfaces of arbitrary shape is presented. The self-consistent theory is confined to two-dimensional solenoidal dipole distributions in which the dipoles are parallel to the top and bottom surfaces. It is proved that the basic domain structure is uniquely defined in simply connected objects, while an extra criterion has to be added in order to guarantee the uniqueness in the multiply connected ones. The treatment is based on differential geometrical principles. The object edge is partitioned into segments, in which each segment is situated in between two adjacent edge points where the radii of curvature of convex edge segments are locally minimal. To each edge segment, a region is attributed, in which M is uniquely specified by the course of M along that edge segment. In the cross section of regions corresponding to different edge segments, domain walls provide an adequate separation of the dipole distribution imposed by these segments. The extremities of these domain walls are found in the singular points of the evolute corresponding to the extremities of the edge segments and in the points where a number of walls meet. It is proved that the basic domain structure is the locus of centers of all circles inside the object that touch the object edge at at least two points. A number of experimentally observed basic structures are given, and the relevance of the definition of basic structures in multiply connected objects is examined. OFF
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337352
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A theory of the three-dimensional solenoidal magnetization configurations in ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 4330-4332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method for constructing three-dimensional solenoidal magnetization distributions, with invariant magnitude of m, in arbitrarily shaped objects is presented. The formalism harks back to the theory developed by van den Berg for two-dimensional m distributions. The space within a general object Ω is partitioned into i subspaces Ωi, described by a family of surfaces to which the magnetization is tangent. A characteristic equation which defines the course of m at each of the surfaces is derived. A boundary condition for m arises naturally, or can be chosen to determine m at the surface. Within the above framework an infinite number of solutions are generated that, in general, exhibit singularities. Special attention, also from the topological point of view, is paid to the m distributions having point defects only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340191
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A guarded parallel-plate instrument for measuring the thermal conductivity of fluids in the critical region (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 3466-3474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A description is given of the construction and operating procedure of a parallel-plate apparatus for the measurement of the thermal conductivity coefficient of fluids. This instrument can be operated at pressures up to 150 MPa and at temperatures down to 77 K. The use of platinum resistance temperature sensors allows measurements with temperature differences between upper and lower plate as small as 1 mK, which together with the small plate separation of 155 μm, makes the instrument suitable for both the normal fluid region as well as for the region very close to the critical point. The complete working equations for the instrument are presented and evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140494
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-consistent domain theory in soft ferromagnetic media. I. Solenoidal distributions in elliptical thin-film elements (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 2168-2173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The basic concepts of a self-consistent domain theory for the class of ideal soft ferromagnetic media is unfolded. The treatment is based on micromagnetic equilibrium and stability equations which are simplified by removing the contributions due to the intrinsic anisotropy and the spatial variation term in the exchange energy density. Only the solenoidal magnetization distributions in thin film objects are investigated. This limitation makes confinement to two-dimensional dipole distributions possible. Cauchy's method of characteristics is employed to derive dipole distributions that satisfy the relation ∇⋅M=0, where M is the magnetization, and the constitutive equation. It is proved that the characteristic base curves are straight lines perpendicular to the magnetization vector. In an ellipse, four different characteristic base curves that do not coincide intersect at one single point in certain regions, thus generating ambiguities in the magnetization direction. It is demonstrated that these ambiguities originate in the incompatibility of the magnetization distribution that is imposed by the various segments of the edge of the ellipse. Based on differential geometrical principles, a partitioning of the edge into segments is introduced, and along with it two adjoining regions in which the magnetization direction is uniquely determined are defined. It is proved that a domain wall is required in the cross section of both regions to accomplish a dipole configuration in stable equilibrium. Experimental confirmation is given by means of the ferrofluid pattern of a 3500-A(ring)-thick Permalloy layer with elliptical geometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334357
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