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  • Oxford University Press  (19)
  • 2015-2019  (18)
  • 1990-1994  (1)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-03-23
    Description: We analyse all available observations of GX 339–4 by XMM–Newton in the hard spectral state. We jointly fit the spectral data by Comptonization and the currently best reflection code, relxill . We consider in detail a contribution from a standard blackbody accretion disc, testing whether its inner radius can be set equal to that of the reflector. However, this leads to an unphysical behaviour of the disc truncation radius, implying the soft X-ray component is not a standard blackbody disc. This appears to be due to irradiation by the hard X-rays, which strongly dominate the total emission. We consider a large array of models, testing, e.g. the effects of the chosen energy range, of adding unblurred reflection, and assuming a lamp-post geometry. We find the effects of relativistic broadening to be relatively weak in all cases. In the coronal models, we find the inner radius to be large. In the lamp-post model, the inner radius is unconstrained, but when fixed to the innermost stable orbit, the height of the source is large, which also implies a weak relativistic broadening. In the former models, the inner radius correlates with the X-ray hardness ratio, which is consistent with the presence of a truncated disc turning into a complete disc in the soft state. We also find the degree of the disc ionization to anticorrelate with the hardness, leading to strong spectral broadening due to scattering of reflected photons in the reflector in the softest studied states.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: Hard X-ray spectra of 28 bright Seyfert galaxies observed with INTEGRAL were analysed together with the X-ray spectra from XMM–Newton , Suzaku and RXTE . These broad-band data were fitted with a model assuming a thermal Comptonization as a primary continuum component. We tested several model options through a fitting of the Comptonized continuum accompanied by a complex absorption and a Compton reflection. Both the large data set used and the model space explored allowed us to accurately determine a mean temperature kT e of the electron plasma, the Compton parameter y and the Compton reflection strength R for the majority of objects in the sample. Our main finding is that a vast majority of the sample (20 objects) is characterized by kT e 〈 100 keV, and only for two objects we found kT e 〉 200 keV. The median kT e for entire sample is 48 $_{-14}^{+57}$  keV. The distribution of the y parameter is bimodal, with a broad component centred at 0.8 and a narrow peak at 1.1. A complex, dual absorber model improved the fit for all data sets, compared to a simple absorption model, reducing the fitted strength of Compton reflection by a factor of about 2. Modest reflection (median R 0.32) together with a high ratio of Comptonized to seed photon fluxes point towards a geometry with a compact hard X-ray emitting region well separated from the accretion disc. Our results imply that the template Seyferts spectra used in the population synthesis models of active galactic nuclei (AGN) should be revised.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: We study the effect of radio-jet core shift, which is a dependence of the position of the jet radio core on the observational frequency. We derive a new method of measuring the jet magnetic field based on both the value of the shift and the observed radio flux, which complements the standard method that assumes equipartition. Using both methods, we re-analyse the blazar sample of Zamaninasab et al. We find that equipartition is satisfied only if the jet opening angle in the radio core region is close to the values found observationally, ~=0.1–0.2 divided by the bulk Lorentz factor, j . Larger values, e.g. 1/ j , would imply magnetic fields much above equipartition. A small jet opening angle implies in turn the magnetization parameter of 〈〈1. We determine the jet magnetic flux taking into account this effect. We find that the transverse-averaged jet magnetic flux is fully compatible with the model of jet formation due to black hole (BH) spin-energy extraction and the accretion being a magnetically arrested disc (MAD). We calculate the jet average mass-flow rate corresponding to this model and find it consists of a substantial fraction of the mass accretion rate. This suggests the jet composition with a large fraction of baryons. We also calculate the average jet power, and find it moderately exceeds the accretion power, $\dot{M} c^2$ , reflecting BH spin energy extraction. We find our results for radio galaxies at low Eddington ratios are compatible with MADs but require a low radiative efficiency, as predicted by standard accretion models.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-12-20
    Description: We study the radio/X-ray correlation in Cyg X-3. It has been known that the soft and hard X-ray fluxes in the hard spectral state are correlated positively and negatively, respectively, with the radio flux. We show that this implies that the observed ~1–100 keV flux (which is a fair approximation to the bolometric flux) is completely uncorrelated with the radio flux. We can recover a positive correlation (seen in other sources and expected theoretically) if the soft X-rays are strongly absorbed by a local medium. Then, however, the intrinsic X-ray spectrum of Cyg X-3 in its hard state becomes relatively soft, similar to that of an intermediate spectral state of black hole binaries, but not to their true hard state. We also find the radio spectra in the hard state of Cyg X-3 are hard on average, and the flux distributions of the radio emission and soft X-rays can be described by sums of two lognormal functions. We compare Cyg X-3 with other X-ray binaries using colour–colour, colour–Eddington ratio and Eddington ratio–radio flux diagrams. We find Cyg X-3 to be spectrally most similar to GRS 1915+105, except that Cyg X-3 is substantially more radio loud, which appears to be due to its jet emission enhanced by interaction with the powerful stellar wind from the Wolf–Rayet donor.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-02-28
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-03
    Description: We study hadronic models of broad-band emission of jets in radio-loud active galactic nuclei, and their implications for the accretion in those sources. We show that the models that account for broad-band spectra of blazars emitting in the GeV range in the sample of Böttcher et al. have highly super-Eddington jet powers. Furthermore, the ratio of the jet power to the radiative luminosity of the accretion disc is ~3000 on average and can be as high as ~10 5 . We then show that the measurements of the radio core shift for the sample imply low magnetic fluxes threading the black hole, which rules out the Blandford–Znajek mechanism to produce powerful jets. These results require that the accretion rate necessary to power the modelled jets is extremely high, and the average radiative accretion efficiency is ~4 10 –5 . Thus, if the hadronic model is correct, the currently prevailing picture of accretion in AGNs needs to be significantly revised. Also, the obtained accretion mode cannot be dominant during the lifetimes of the sources, as the modelled very high accretion rates would result in too rapid growth of the central supermassive black holes. Finally, the extreme jet powers in the hadronic model are in conflict with the estimates of the jet power by other methods.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-09-16
    Description: We study the angular dependence of the flux from partially synchrotron self-absorbed conical jets (proposed by Blandford & Königl). We consider the jet viewed from either a side or close to on axis, and in the latter case, either from the jet top or bottom. We derive analytical formulae for the flux in each of these cases, and find the exact solution for an arbitrary angle numerically. We find that the maximum of the emission occurs when the jet is viewed from top on-axis, which is contrast to a previous result, which found the maximum at some intermediate angle and null emission on-axis. We then calculate the ratio of the jet-to-counterjet emission for this model, which depends on the viewing angle and the index of power-law electrons. We apply our results to the black hole binary Cyg X-1. Given the jet-to-counterjet flux ratio of 50 found observationally and the current estimates of the inclination, we find the jet velocity to be 0.8 c . We also point out that when the projection effect is taken into account, the radio observations imply the jet half-opening angle of ${\lesssim } 1\circ$ , a half of the value given before. When combined with the existing estimates of j , the jet half-opening angle is low, 〈〈1/ j , and much lower than values observed in blazars, unless j is much higher than currently estimated.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-12-23
    Description: We use published data on the power and production efficiency of jets in blazars with double radio lobes in order to compare results obtained using different methods. In order to eliminate selection effects, we use cross-matched sub-samples containing only luminous blazars. We compare the three main existing methods, namely those based on the emission of radio lobes, on spectral fitting, and on radio-core shift. We find that the average jet power obtained for identical samples with the radio-lobe method is ~10 times lower than that from the spectral fitting. In turn, the power from spectral fitting is compatible with that from core-shift modelling for plausible parameters of the latter. We also consider a phenomenological estimator based on the -ray luminosity. We examine uncertainties of those methods and discuss two alternative hypotheses. In one, the blazar-fit and core-shift methods are assumed to be correct, and the lower power from radio lobes is caused by intermittency of accretion. Long periods of quiescence cause the energy in the radio lobes, accumulated over the lifetime of the blazar, to be much less than that estimated based on the present luminous state. In addition, the power calculated using the radio lobes can be underestimated for intrinsically compact jets, in which the radio-core flux can be over-subtracted. In our second hypothesis, the radio-lobe method is assumed to be correct, and the blazar-fit and core-shift powers are reduced due to the presence of ~15 pairs per proton and a larger magnetization than usually assumed, respectively.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-11-14
    Description: We have analysed the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) data on the SNR G73.9+0.9. We have confirmed a previous detection of high-energy -rays from this source at a high significance of ~=12. The observed spectrum shows a significant curvature, peaking in EF E at ~1 GeV. We have also calculated the flux upper limits in the mm-wavelength and X-ray ranges from Planck and XMM–Newton , respectively. We have inspected the intensity of the CO (1-〉0) emission line and found a large peak at a velocity range corresponding to the previously estimated source distance of ~4 kpc, which may indicate an association between a molecular cloud and the supernova remnant (SNR). The -ray emission appears due to interaction of accelerated particles within the SNR with the matter of the cloud. The most likely radiative process responsible for the -ray emission is decay of neutral pions produced in ion–ion collisions. While a dominant leptonic origin of this emission can be ruled out, the relativistic electron population related to the observed radio flux will necessarily lead to a certain level of bremsstrahlung -ray emission. Based on this broad-band modelling, we have developed a method to estimate the magnetic field, yielding B 80 μG at our best estimate of the molecular cloud density (or less at a lower density). G73.9+0.9 appears similar, though somewhat weaker, to other SNRs interacting with a local dense medium detected by the LAT.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2015-06-12
    Description: We study the effect of radio-jet core shift, which is a dependence of the position of the jet radio core on the observational frequency. We derive a new method of measuring the jet magnetic field based on both the value of the shift and the observed radio flux, which complements the standard method that assumes equipartition. Using both methods, we re-analyse the blazar sample of Zamaninasab et al. We find that equipartition is satisfied only if the jet opening angle in the radio core region is close to the values found observationally, ~=0.1–0.2 divided by the bulk Lorentz factor, j . Larger values, e.g. 1/ j , would imply magnetic fields much above equipartition. A small jet opening angle implies in turn the magnetization parameter of 〈〈1. We determine the jet magnetic flux taking into account this effect. We find that the transverse-averaged jet magnetic flux is fully compatible with the model of jet formation due to black hole (BH) spin-energy extraction and the accretion being a magnetically arrested disc (MAD). We calculate the jet average mass-flow rate corresponding to this model and find it consists of a substantial fraction of the mass accretion rate. This suggests the jet composition with a large fraction of baryons. We also calculate the average jet power, and find it moderately exceeds the accretion power, $\dot{M} c^2$ , reflecting BH spin energy extraction. We find our results for radio galaxies at low Eddington ratios are compatible with MADs but require a low radiative efficiency, as predicted by standard accretion models.
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