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  • biological control  (28)
  • phosphorus  (28)
  • Springer  (56)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (56)
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  • Springer  (56)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 73-85 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma nubilale ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; inundative release ; sweet corn ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted inundative release experiments withTrichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to suppressOstrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sweet corn (Zea mays): two experiment duringO. nubilalis first generation and three experiments during second generation. Five measurements of ear and stalk damage were used to assess.O. nubilalis control in treated and untreated plots within each experimental field. In one experiment during second generation, naturalO. nubilalis populations were sufficiently high to demonstrate that the parasitoids (three releases totaling 4.4 million parasitoids per ha) parasitized an estimated 57.4% of the placedO. nubilalis egg masses and reduced the mean number ofO. nubilalis larvae per ear by 97.4% the number of tunnels per stalk by 92.9%, and the number of larvae per stalk by 94.3% in the release plot. Ear damage in this experiment was suppressed to meet acceptable standards for use in cut-corn commercial processing. Larval mortality was apparently density independent, which implies that density-dependent larval loss would not compensate for egg parasitism byT. nubilale.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; bioluminescence ; Enterobacter cloacae ; lettuce ; Pythium ultimum ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plasmid pUCD607 was mobilized into the biocontrol agent Enterobacter cloacae strain E6 by conjugation and the resultant strain, E6(pUCD607), was bioluminescent. Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by E6(pUCD607) was similar to that of the parent strain, E6. The location of E6(pUCD607) in the soil and in the rhizosphere of lettuce was readily determined by pressing agar medium against plant roots in a root box, allowing the bacteria to grow overnight on the medium, and detecting the presence of bioluminescence by autophotography. There was a positive, linear correlation between population sizes determined by dilution plating and the quantity of light emitted due to bioluminescence. However, both the intercept and slope of this line varied among experiments possibly due to the differing physiological states of cells recovered from soils. The amount of light emitted by the bioluminescent strain E6(pUCD607) was not quantitative. This technique is useful for qualitative determinations of populations and for photographically locating bacteria.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diuraphis noxia ; Diaeretiella rapae ; Agropyron trachycaulum ; host plant resistance ; tritrophic interactions ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Interactions among three trophic levels of resistant and susceptible slenderwheat grasses, Elymus trachycaulum (Link) Goule ex Shinners ex. H.F. Lewis, Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and a hymenopterous parasitoid were studied in the laboratory and greenhouse. These relationships were compared with a commercial susceptible wheat Triticum aestivum L. variety. Aphids reared on the resistant entries showed significantly lower weights and numbers. Significant reduction of parasitoid mummy weight and adult size was positively correlated with the effects on the aphids. Resistant entries also induced a longer prereproductive period for both the aphids and parasitoids. Numbers of aphids and aphid damage were significantly modified by the addition of parasitoids. Parasitism was higher on plants that did not have leaf rolling. These findings may indicate that antibiosis resistance studied here is not the most desirable because it decreases natural enemy vitality.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acidity ; manganese ; pH ; phosphorus ; soil solution wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was carried out in order to test the hypothesis that manganese nutrition of wheat was dependent on the phosphorus status of soil as well as on its pH and manganese status. An arable mineral soil whose lime and phosphorus status had been massively adjusted more than 18 years previously was compared with identical soil not so adjusted. Wheat plants were grown to maturity in these soils. Analyses were carried out on both soil and plant samples at intervals. Data for soil pH, soil solution concentrations of manganese and phosphorus, plant dry weight and tissue concentrations of manganese and phosphorus are presented. Concentrations of manganese were depressed in leaf tissue of plants from limed soils and also in high phosphorus soils. The depressed values for limed treatments were explained in terms of depressed soil solution manganese concentrations resulting from elevated pH. The results for high phosphorus soils could not be related to soil solution composition. It was suggested that high soil phosphorus resulted in elevated plant phosphorus which interfered in the uptake and/or translocation of manganese.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: urbanisation ; heavy metals ; phosphorus ; macrofossils ; lake and fluvial sediments ; lake rehabilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical and palaeoecological analysis of lake and fluvial sediments reveals a range of human impact on the sediment chemistry of four reservoirs in the English Midlands. Atmospheric pollution is recorded in both inner city and rural sites over the last 150 years. Catchment derived heavy metals at one urban site reveals high contamination factors for Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd. From the phosphorus record and from reconstructions based on macrofossil remains, eutrophication is recorded at all sites. Recent attempts to evaluate rehabilitation programmes for the inner city sites have proved problematical owing to two major problems. First, their shallow nature results in a high cost of desilting and, secondly, heavy metal contamination makes treatment and disposal of the sediment expensive.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insecta ; Richogrammatidae ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; biological control ; inundative release ; Insecte ; Trichogrammatidae ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; lutte biologique ; lâcher inondatif
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous évaluons combien deTrichogramma nubilale devraient être lâchés en une seule localité pour lutter contreOstrinia nubilalis dans le maïs doux. Six parcelles de 8,6×16 m recevaient de 18,4 à 2 090 femelles deT. nubilale/unité de surface, quand les pieds étaient au milieu du stade du dernier verticille, où l'unité de surface, est la surface du plant/m2. Pour évaluer le contrôle potentiel de nos lâchers, nous exposons les ooplaques d'O. nubilalis élevés au laboratoire aux parasitoïdes lâchés en quatre fois après le lâcher. Quand une ooplaque était parasitée parT. nubilale, 75,7% des œufs de l'ooplaque étaient parasités. Nous développons des équations pour estimer le pourcentage d'ooplaques qu'une seule femelle s'attendait à parasiter en une journée (efficacité du parasitisme) et les taux de disparition de femelle (mort et dispersion) si tous deux étaient constants durant notre expérience. Le taux exponentiel de disparition était −0,52±0,03 jour−1, ce qui impliquait que 40% des femelles restantes disparaissaient par jour. L'efficacité du parasitisme était 0,050% parasitisme/femelle/unité de surface/jour, ce qui impliquait que 351 000 femelles/ha seraient nécessaires pour atteindre 90% de parasitisme. En clair, pour queT. nubilale soit un agent de lutte biologique assuré de succès, il faut accroître l'efficacité du parasitisme et réduire les taux de disparition.
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated how manyTrichogramma nubilale should be released at a single location to controlOstrinia nubilalis in sweet corn. Six 8.6×16 m plots received 18.4 to 2 090 ΦΦT. nubilale/SAI when plants were in the mid to late whorl stage, where SAI, surface area index, is the plant surface area/m2. To evaluate the potential control by our releases, we exposed laboratory-rearedO. nubilalis egg masses to the released parasitoids at 4 times after the release. When an egg mass was parasitized byT. nubilale, 75.7% of the eggs in the egg mass were parasitized. We developed an equation to estimate the percent of egg masses that a single female was expected to parasitize in a day (efficiency of parasitism) and female disappearance (death and dispersal) rates, if both were constant during our experiment. The exponential disappearance rate was −0.52±0.03 day−1, which implied that 40% of the remaining ΦΦ disappeared per day. The efficiency of parasitism was 0.050% parasitism/Φ/SAI/day, which implied that at least 351,000 ΦΦ/ha would be needed to achieve 90% parasitism. Clearly, forT. nubilale to be a successful biological control agent, efficiency of parasitism must be increased and disappearance rates must be reduced.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata ; beneficial arthropods ; dispersal ; predation ; biological control ; arthropodes utiles ; dissémination ; prédation ; lutte biologique ; Staphylinidae ; Aleochara bilineata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] est un prédateur et un parasite courants de la mouche des racines [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] dans les cultures commerciales et les jardins potagers. Pour évaluer l'activité de dissémination deA. bilineata dans les jardins potagers, on a lâché des coléoptères marqués à raison de 0 et de 1000 en 1987, et de 0, 250, 500, et 1000/jardin potager/semaine en 1988. Trois pour cent des coléoptères ainsi marqués ont été recapturés dans les jardins potagers d'origine. Les populations naturelles deA. bilineata sont très faibles dans tous les jardins potagers et on ne constate aucune augmentation décelable de 1987 à 1988. Les recaptures sont proportionnelles aux taux de lâchers. On n'observe aucune différence significative dans les taux de recapture entre les sexes. Les recaptures et les distributions non uniformes deA. bilineata marqués dans les jardins potagers révèlent qu'ils ont pu voler au moins à 5 km de distance dans les conditions urbaines et choisir certains jardins plutôt que d'autres comme emplacements propices à l'accouplement, la quête de nourriture et l'oviposition.
    Notes: Abstract Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] is a common predator and endoparasite of root maggot [Diptera: Anthomyiidae] in both commercial crops and home gardens. To test dispersal activity ofA. bilineata in home gardens, marked beetles were released at rates of 0 and 1,000 in 1987 and 0, 250, 500, and 1,000/gardens/wk in 1988. Three percent of marked beetles were recaptured in release gardens. NaturalA. bilineata populations were very small in all gardens, and there was no detectable increase from 1987 to 1988. Recaptures were proportional to release rates. There was no significant difference in recapture rates between sexes. Recaptures and non-uniform distributions of markedA. bilineata in control gardens revealed that they were capable of flying at least 5 km under urban conditions, and of selecting particular gardens as suitable mating, foraging, and oviposition sites.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; water lettuce ; host specificity ; lutte biologique ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; laitue d'eau ; spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Neohydronomus affinis a été introduit en Australie comme agent de lutte biologique potentiel contre la laitue d'eau,Pistia stratiotes. Les études en quarantaine ont démontré que ce coléopètre était spécifique deP. stratiotes et il a été libéré dans les champs en 1982. En conséquence, il a été lâché comme agent de lutte contre cette mauvaise herbe dans plusieurs autres pays. En AustralieN. affinis réduit les infestations deP. stratiotes de 40% ou plus en l'espace de 12 à 18 mois. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction de son efficacité dans d'autres parties du monde. Nous concluons queN. affinis contrôle effectivementP. stratiotes dans les régions tropicales (à la latitude 22°), mais dans les régions plus froides son efficacité fluctue avec les conditions saisonnières.
    Notes: Abstract Neohydronomus affinis was imported into Australia as a potential biological control agent for the floating aquatic weedPistia stratiotes. Quarantine studies demonstrated that this weevil was host specific toP. stratiotes and it was released into the field in 1982. Subsequently it was released as a control agent for this weed in several other countries. In AustraliaN. affinis reduced infestations ofP. stratiotes by 40% or more within 12–18 months. The results are discussed in relation to its effectiveness in other parts of the world. We concluded thatN. affinis effectively controlsP. stratiotes in tropical regions (to lat. 22°), but in cooler regions its effectiveness fluctuates with seasonal conditions.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: temperature requirements ; Aphelinus asychis ; Aphidius matricariae ; Diaeretiella rapae ; Diuraphis noxia ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of six constant temperatures (7.2, 10.0, 15.5, 21.1, 26.6, and 29.4°C) on developmental rates and developmental times in four parasites ofDiuraphis noxia (Mordwilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae):Aphelinus asychis Walker from Chile,A. asychis W. from France,Aphidius matricariae Haliday from Iraq, andDiaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) from Pakistan. Differences were not detected in developmental time between sexes inD. rapae at any of the temperatures tested. Males developed faster than females inA. matricariae at 10 and 21.1°C,A. asychis Chile at 15.5 and 29.4°C, andA. asychis France at 10, 15.5, and 21.1°C (P〈0.05). Developmental thresholds (t), and times-to-adult in degreedays (K) of the four parasites are: 7.1°C and 248.8 forA. asychis Chile, 6.4°C and 246.7 forA. asychis France, 1.4°C and 311.4 forA. matricariae, and 2.1°C and 293.4 forD. rapae, respectively. Based on the predicted accumulation of degree-days and number of generations per year for the four parasites at three climatically distinct localities in California, we concluded that the parasite with the lowest developmental threshold (A. matricariae) may complete ca. 4.5, 3.6, and 2.1 more generations than the parasite with the highest developmental threshold (A. asychis from Chile) at the coldest, intermediate, and warmest localities, respectively. It was suggested that parasites with lower developmental thresholds, despite their generally greater time-to-adult, will have greater population densities following the winter season than parasites with higher developmental thresholds, they may appear earlier and thus have greater potential as effective biological control agents especially in annual crops such as small grains. When attempting to introduce parasites for biological control of a target host the developmental thresholds of both the parasite and the host should be considered in conjunction with other attributes such as searching efficiency, fecundity, host preference, and others.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encyrtidae ; Metaphycus stanleyi ; Protopulvinaria pyriformis ; parasitoid egg encapsulation ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Encapsulation of eggs of the introduced parasitoid Metaphycus stanleyi Compere (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) by the pyriform scale, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Coccidae) under both greenhouse and field conditions, at Bet Dagan, was found to occur almost all year round (1986–1988). However, encapsulation rates varied considerably during the different seasons and were correlated with the ambient temperatures. The rates of efficient encapsulation (i) in scales infesting Hedera helix and Schefflera arboricola under greenhouse conditions, were lowest during December to May (6–17%) and highest during July to September (78–100%); (ii) in scales infesting avocado in the orchard, were lowest during October to May (0–11%) and highest during June to August (54–57%). Under greenhouse conditions, encapsulation rates did not differ in scales grown on H. helix and on S. arboricola, but were significantly lower in scales grown on avocado. Encapsulation by scales infesting S. arboricola was more frequent at temperatures ranging from 20–28 °C, than from 7–23 °C. The increased resistance by encapsulation of P. pyriformis to successful parasitization by M. stanleyi during the summer, may account for the inability of the parasitoid to prevent the autumn and winter outbreaks of the pest.
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