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  • 2015-2019  (35)
  • 1995-1999  (27)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The roles of N and P type Si(100) substrates in the nucleation and growth of textured diamond films by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 3339-3344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: P-Si(100) and n-Si(100) substrates had quite different responses to the same process parameters used in the modified four-step diamond growth method, i.e., pretreatment, heating, bias enhanced nucleation (BEN) and bias texture growth (BTG), which has been developed to grow textured diamond films by hot filament chemical vapor deposition. At the pretreatment step, a bright blue plasma discharge induced the formation of damaged voids randomly distributed on the surfaces of p-Si(100) and n-Si(100). The damaged voids on p-Si(100) are several microns in size and 3 μm in depth. In contrast, the size and depth of the damaged voids on n-Si(100) are in nanometer scale, approximately two orders of magnitude lower than those on p-Si(100). At the BEN step, carburization occurred along with the possibility of diamond nucleation. Unfacet nuclei of micron scale distributed around the edge of damaged voids all over the p-Si(100) substrate. In contrast, a great number of small nuclei of nanometer scale spread and covered all the damaged voids around the outer edge of the n-Si(100) substrate. The continuous textured diamond film grown on p-Si(100) had better diamond quality than that on n-Si(100) at the BTG step. The textured diamond film on p-Si(100) was flat, however, that on n-Si(100) was under stress in convex shape. Ion bombardment at the BTG step resulted in the enhancement of the growth of textured diamond and in the degradation of diamond quality through the formation of amorphous carbon. P-Si(100) is considered better than n-Si(100) to be the substrate for textured diamond deposition. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369680
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A dynamic local bump system for producing synchrotron radiation with an alternating elliptical polarization (1998)
    Chester : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Journal of synchrotron radiation 5 (1998), S. 398-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5775
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: To facilitate high-sensitivity soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments, a dynamic local bump system has been developed at the SRRC storage ring. This system was devised to vary dynamically the vertical slope of the electron beam in a bending magnet, producing, in the electron orbit plane, soft X-rays with an alternating elliptical polarization. The local bump was created by using two pairs of vertical correctors located on each side of the bending magnet. The bump strength coefficient was obtained both from calculated estimation and from measured beam-response matrices. Control electronics for proper bump strength settings were designed to incorporate the existing orbit-corrector function. A corresponding graphic user interface was implemented so that the bump amplitude could be easily adjusted. The performance of this system is presented. Disturbance on the stored electron beam orbit was observed while flipping the corrector polarity during EPBM (elliptical polarization from bending magnets) operation. A local feedback loop, developed to eliminate such disturbance on other beamlines, is also described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0909049597013149
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxonomic relationships among strains of Clostridium acetobutylicum and other phenotypically similar organisms (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 17 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: Most of the presently studied acetone-butanol (solvent)-producing bacteria are labelled as Clostridium acetobutylicum. This situation contrasts what was experienced by investigators of the 1940s who faced a plurality of names for solvent-producing bacteria. Significant phenotypic differences, however, exist among the presently studied strains of C. acetobutylicum, which raised the question of whether or not these organisms can truly be considered as members of one species. Furthermore, two cultures (ATCC 824 and NCIMB 8052) that are thought to be equivalent in serving as the type strain of C. acetobutylicum have significantly different properties. To assess the relatedness of these bacteria as members of a species, a comparison of similarity of their genomic DNA is most effective. DNAs from cultures of clostridia labelled as C. acetobutylicum, ‘C. butylicum’, and C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum from several collections have been compared with DNAs from reference strains, including the type strain of C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii. Based on DNA reassociation, which measures sequence similarities, four distinct groups or species (with inter-group similarities below 30%) were identified: (i) those having 〉 80% DNA sequence similarity with the type strain of C. acetobutylicum; (ii) those, including NCIMB 8052, having 〉 70% DNA sequence similarity with the type strain of C. beijerinckii; (iii) two cultures (NRRL B643 and NCP 262) having 94% similarity between them; and (iv) C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum. Identification of four species from these solvent-producing clostridia explains the discrepancies reported by different laboratories, and classification of these bacteria on the basis of their genomic relatedness should facilitate future genetic experiments. It is noteworthy that after the carbon source was switched from starch (corn mash) to sugars (molasses), the industrial solvent fermentation indeed utilized organisms (represented by groups 2, 3, and 4) genetically distinct from C. acetobutylicum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00207.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of calcium-containing zinc electrodes in zinc/silver oxide cells (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 26 (1996), S. 227-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364074
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal error modelling for real-time error compensation (1996)
    Springer
    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 12 (1996), S. 266-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Accuracy ; CNC machine tools ; Error compensation ; Thermal error modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A modelling strategy for the prediction of both the scalar and the position-dependent thermal error components is presented. Two types of empirical modelling method based on the multiple regression analysis (MRA) and the artificial neural network (ANN) have been proposed for the real-time prediction of thermal errors with multiple temperature measurements. Both approaches have a systematic and computerised algorithm to search automatically for the nonlinear and interaction terms between different temperature variables. The experimental results on a machining centre show that both the MRA and the ANN can accurately predict the time-variant thermal error components under different spindle speeds and temperature fields. The accuracy of a horizontal machining centre can be improved through experiment by a factor of ten and the errors of a cut aluminium workpiece owing to thermal distortion have been reduced from 92.4 µm to 7.2 µm in the lateral direction. The depth difference due to the spindle thermal growth has been reduced from 196 µm to 8 µm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239613
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trace element contents and correlation in surface soils in China's eastern alluvial plains (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 36 (1998), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Soil ; Trace element ; Alluvial plain ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A study investigating the contents of 13 trace elements and the correlations between these trace elements and soil parameters of the surface soils in the eastern alluvial plains of China is summarized and discussed in this paper. The results show that the contents of some elements studied differ from region to region. Close relations have been noted between all the trace element contents in the soils of the eastern alluvial plains and the relevant surface materials of erosion regions, which demonstrate the effects of parent materials, while climatic conditions and human interventions are also found to be important factors. Close relations were found between the transition elements of the Quaternary period and the chalcophile elements (except Cu). The chemical and geochemical properties of these elements are identified as beeing important inherent characteristics that affect the relations of these elements in the soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050343
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large deformation analysis of rubber based on a reproducing kernel particle method (1997)
    Springer
    Computational mechanics 19 (1997), S. 211-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0924
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  A nonlinear formulation of the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) is presented for the large deformation analysis of rubber materials which are considered to be hyperelastic and nearly incompressible. In this approach, the global nodal shape functions derived on␣the basis of RKPM are employed in the Galerkin approximation of the variational equation to formulate the discrete equations of a boundary-value hyperelasticity problem. Existence of a solution in RKPM discretized hyperelasticity problem is discussed. A Lagrange multiplier method and a direct transformation method are presented to impose essential boundary conditions. The characteristics of material and spatial kernel functions are discussed. In the present work, the use of a material kernel function assures reproducing kernel stability under large deformation. Several of numerical examples are presented to study the characteristics of RKPM shape functions and to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in large deformation analysis. Since the current approach employs global shape functions, the method demonstrates a superior performance to the conventional finite element methods in dealing with large material distortions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004660050170
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nebulized spray deposition of PLT thin film (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 727-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Films of lead lanthanum titanate (PLT) are deposited on n-type (100) Si and Pt/TiO2/Ti/ SiO2/(100)Si substrates by using ultrasonic nebulized spray deposition. In this work, Pb(CH3COO)2 ċ 3H2O, La(NO3)3 ċ 6H2O, Ti(i-C3 H7O)4 are used as reactants. Experimental results reveal that the films are transformed from tetragonal to nearly cubic as the lanthanum content increases. The refractive index and grain size decrease with the increase of La content in the films. From C-V and I-V measurements of the Al/PLT/n-Si (MIS) and Pt/PLT/Pt/TiO2/Ti/ SiO2/n-Si (MIM) structures, the dielectric properties are determined. The permittivities are found to increase with the La content to a maximum value of about 275 and 530 for the MIS and MIM structures, respectively, and then decrease with further increase of La content for the films grown at 550°C. The results of I-V measurements indicate that the leakage currents of the MIS structure are higher than in the MIM structure. The P-E hysteresis loop became slimmer with the increase of La concentration due to lower tetragonality (c/a), and when the La content is higher than 20 mol %, the films behave like a normal dielectric.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004512627470
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and properties of copolymers from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-linked nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents with methacrylic acid (1998)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1481-1490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: ibuprofen ; ketoprofen ; naproxen ; copolymer reactivity ; thermal stability ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (ibuprofen), 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid (ketoprofen), and 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen), were covalently linked with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The drug-linked HEMA (M1) (ibuprofen-linked HEMA abbreviated as HI; ketoprofen-linked HEMA as HK, and naproxen-linked HEMA as HN), were respectively copolymerized with methacrylic acid (M2), MA, to obtain macromolecular prodrugs. The compositions of the copolymers were determined by means of a 1H-NMR spectroscopy and monomer reactivity ratios were estimated using the Kelen-Tüdös linear differential equation. The reactivity ratios are: r1 = 0.101 ± 0.012, r2 = 1.071 ± 0.065 for HI-MA; r1 = 0.344 ± 0.066, r2 = 0.966 ± 0.032 for HN-MA, and r1 = 0.650 ± 0.182, r2 = 1.032 ± 0.106 for HK-MA, respectively. The monomer reactivity toward to MA radical estimated from 1/r2 values is almost same for all three monomers (1/r2 ∼ 1). The glass transition temperatures of three drug-linked homopolymers go hand in hand with the steric hindrance of three drugs, i.e., ketoprofen 〉 naproxen ≫ ibuprofen calculated the minimum energy by computer molecular modeling. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1481-1490, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumented impact evaluation of a toughened carbon fiber epoxy composite (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Instrumented impact testing and analysis were performed on an interlaminartoughened carbon fiber epoxy composite (Toray 3900-2/T800H) and a conventional (untoughened) epoxy composite (Fiberite 934/T300). Severity of impact was varied by using a wide range of impact energy. The effect of difference in the tup of the impact instrument was discussed. The residual compressive strengths after compact (CAI's) were measured by using a universal mechanical tester. The impact damage and delamination resistance of the toughened and conventional composites were quantitatively compared. At the same impact energy, the extent of damage was much less severe and the CAI was higher for the toughened composite. Relationships between the CAI's, the state of impact damage, and impact energy were investigated. Impact damage mechanisms for these two composites were not exactly the same. The impact damage of the conventional composite exhibited much greater extents of delamination. By contrast, interlaminar delamination in the toughened composite was found to be significantly suppressed, and the impact damage was more dominated by controlled matrix cracking/fiber damage, instead of catastrophic delamination. As a result, the CAI's of the toughened composite exhibited a monotonous decrease with increase in the impact energy and in the linear dimension of extents of damage.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760350202
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