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  • Elsevier  (557)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (86)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (46)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 2015-2019  (292)
  • 1995-1999  (229)
  • 1980-1984  (171)
  • 1955-1959  (27)
  • 1925-1929  (3)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-07-07
    Description: Journal of Proteome Research DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00307
    Print ISSN: 1535-3893
    Electronic ISSN: 1535-3907
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 2
  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-03-12
    Description: © The Authors, 2019. This is the author's version of the work and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. The definitive version was published in Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140, (2019):364-373, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.047.
    Description: Estuaries provide significant cultural ecosystem services, including recreation and tourism. Disruptions of estuarine biogeochemical processes resulting from environmental degradation could interrupt the flow of these services, reducing benefits and diminishing the welfare of local communities. This study focused on recreational shellfishing in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts (41.55°N, 70.80°W). Relationships among measures of recreational shellfishing, estuarine water quality, and local socioeconomic conditions were tested to understand how the benefits of cultural ecosystem services to local communities might be affected by declining water quality. Transferring estimated economic benefits from an analysis of nearby municipalities, the study finds that increases in Chl a during the 24-year period were associated with losses in recreational shellfishing benefits of $0.08–0.67 million per decade. The approach presented here suggests a more broadly applicable framework for assessing the impacts of changes in coastal ecosystem water quality on the welfare of local communities.
    Description: We would like to thank the Buzzards Bay Coalition, the Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program, and the Massachusetts Department of Marine Fisheries for providing data for this analysis. We thank the 1074 citizen volunteers of the Buzzards Bay Coalition who collected the water quality samples and Mark Rasmussen for his leadership in sustaining the Baywatchers Program. Support for this analysis was provided by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (Grant no. 14-106159-000-CFP), MIT Sea Grant (subaward number 5710004045), the Johnson Endowment of the WHOI Marine Policy Center, and SCD acknowledges support from the University of Virginia.
    Keywords: Estuarine water quality ; Eutrophication ; Recreational shellfishing ; Cultural ecosystem services ; Economic benefits transfer
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Journal of King Saud University - Science 25 (2013): 217–228, doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2013.02.006.
    Description: The degradation of natural fish habitat in the ocean implies lost economic benefits. These value losses often are not measured or anticipated fully, and therefore they are mainly ignored in decisions to develop the coast for industrial or residential purposes. In such circumstances, the ocean habitat and its associated ecosystem are treated as if they are worthless. Measures of actual or potential economic values generated by fisheries in commercial markets can be used to assess a conservative (lower-bound) value of ocean habitat. With this information, one can begin to compare the values of coastal developments to the values of foregone ocean habitat in order to help understand whether development would be justified economically. In this paper, we focus on the economic value associated with the harvesting of commercial fish stocks as a relevant case for the Saudi Arabian portion of the Red Sea. We describe first the conceptual basis behind supply-side approaches to economic valuation. Next we review the literature on the use of these methods for valuing ocean habitat. We provide an example based on recent research assessing the bioeconomic status of the traditional fisheries of the Red Sea in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We estimate the economic value of ecosystem services provided by the KSA Red Sea coral reefs, finding that annual per-unit values supporting the traditional fisheries only are on the order of $7000/km2. Finally, we develop some recommendations for refining future applications of these methods to the Red Sea environment and for further research.
    Description: This research is based on work supported by Award Nos. USA 00002 and KSA 00011 made by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).
    Keywords: Ecosystem service ; Supply-side valuation ; Traditional fishery ; Red Sea ; Coral reef ; Bio-economics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 10 (1998), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Simulations of decaying compressible turbulent flows have been performed using the PPM algorithm on grids of 5123 and 10243 computational cells. Although the run on the finer grid has not yet been carried out to a time large enough for the spectra to relax fully, it adds significantly to the results on the coarser grid by lengthening the range of wave numbers in which the flow exhibits a self-similar character. There is an inertial range of scales in the decaying flow on the finer mesh that is free from direct effects of dissipation, forcing, boundary conditions, or initial conditions. Favre averaging of the high resolution data is performed on different scales from which the vorticity structures in the inertial range may be visualized and characterized without confusion from the smaller-scale features of the near dissipation range. We find that the vorticity structures of the inertial range are filamentary as well, but qualitatively different—shorter and more curved—than those of the dissipation range. Quantitative evidence of the action of vortex stretching in developed turbulence is also presented. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 1410-1422 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Characterization of the plasma density and temperature at the last closed flux surface (the separatrix) of a tokamak requires accurate knowledge of the location of the separatrix. In this paper we discuss the effect of inaccuracy in the separatrix location on the measured parameters in DIII-D [Luxon et al., International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1986), p. 159] An uncertainty in the separatrix position of ±0.5 cm, as expected in this device using magnetic reconstruction to determine the location of the separatrix, leads to unacceptably large uncertainty in the plasma parameters. Several techniques to improve the accuracy obtained from magnetic reconstruction are discussed. A new technique that is based on a characterization of the electron temperature profile is proposed. A comparison of the separatrix location defined in this manner with that obtained using magnetic reconstruction techniques suggests a systematic error in the reconstruction when the plasma is far from the walls and magnetic diagnostics. Determination of the perpendicular transport coefficients is given as an example of the improved statistics obtained using the new technique of defining the separatrix position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The radiation of divertor heat flux on DIII-D [J. Luxon et al., in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1987), p. 159] is shown to greatly exceed the limits imposed by assumptions of energy transport dominated by electron thermal conduction parallel to the magnetic field. Approximately 90% of the power flowing into the divertor is dissipated through low-Z radiation and plasma recombination. The dissipation is made possible by an extended region of low electron temperature in the divertor. A one-dimensional analysis of the parallel heat flux finds that the electron temperature profile is incompatible with conduction-dominated parallel transport. Plasma flow at up to the ion acoustic speed, produced by upstream ionization, can account for the parallel heat flux. Modeling with the two-dimensional fluid code UEDGE [T. Rognlien, J. L. Milovich, M. E. Rensink, and G. D. Porter, J. Nucl. Mater. 196–198, 347 (1992)] has reproduced many of the observed experimental features. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 4311-4320 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The importance of radial particle flow on the power flowing across the last closed flux surface (separatrix) in DIII-D [Luxon et al., International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1986), Vol. I, p. 159] is considered. The perpendicular thermal diffusivity at the separatrix is near 1 m2/s in low confinement operation (L-mode), and 0.1 m2/s in high confinement (H-mode). The particle diffusivity is about one-fourth of the thermal diffusivity producing radial particle fluxes of the order of kilo-amperes. The particle flux is 10 to 100 times the particle input from neutral beam sources, consistent with core fueling being dominated by neutral recycling. The radial particle flux scales with the neutral pressure in the private flux region, suggesting the core is fueled predominantly from neutrals which recycle from the divertor, through the private flux, and into the core near the singular point where the poloidal field is zero (X-point). There is significant core power loss associated with the large particle flux across the separatrix. The electron temperature measured at the top of the edge pedestal in H-mode operation scales inversely with the particle flux. In turn, the core energy confinement scales with the pedestal temperature, and hence inversely with the particle flux. The results presented here indicate the global particle confinement time is between 0.5 and 2 times the global energy confinement time. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A two-dimensional calculation is presented for the transport of plasma in the edge region of a divertor tokamak solving continuity, momentum, and energy balance fluid equations. The model uses classical processes of parallel transport along the magnetic field and cross-field drifts together with anomalous radial diffusion, including perpendicular ion viscosity. The self-consistent electrostatic potential is calculated on both sides of the magnetic separatrix via quasineutrality and current continuity. Outside the separatrix, the model extends to material divertor plates where the incident plasma is recycled as neutral gas and where the plate sheath and parallel currents dominate the potential structure. Inside the separatrix, various radial current terms—from anomalous viscosity, collisional damping, inertia, and ∇B drifts—contribute to determining the potential. The model rigorously enforces cancellation of gyroviscous and magnetization terms from the transport equations. The results emphasize the importance of E×B particle flow under the X-point which depends on the sign of the toroidal magnetic field. Radial electric field profiles at the outer midplane show strong variation with the magnitude of the anomalous diffusion coefficients and the core toroidal rotation velocity, indicating that shear stabilization of edge turbulence can likewise be sensitive to these parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Here Z, a 60 TW/5 MJ electrical accelerator located at Sandia National Laboratories, has been used to implode tungsten wire-array Z pinches. These arrays consisted of large numbers of tungsten wires (120–300) with wire diameters of 7.5 to 15 μm placed in a symmetric cylindrical array. The experiments used array diameters ranging from 1.75 to 4 cm and lengths from 1 to 2 cm. A 2 cm long, 4 cm diam tungsten array consisting of 240, 7.5 μm diam wires (4.1 mg mass) achieved an x-ray power of ∼200 TW and an x-ray energy of nearly 2 MJ. Spectral data suggest an optically thick, Planckian-like radiator below 1000 eV. One surprising experimental result was the observation that the total radiated x-ray energies and x-ray powers were nearly independent of pinch length. These data are compared with two-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic code calculations. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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