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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 605-616 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: structures ; response ; seismic ; random ; earthquake ; evolutionary ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an accurate algorithm for structural non-stationary random seismic responses. The ground acceleration is assumed to be an evolutionary random process, of which the modulation function is non-uniformly modulated, i.e. it depends on both time and frequency. The method is used to compute the non-stationary seismic responses of a non-uniform shear beam. The dependency of the power spectral densities of the excitations and of the responses on time and frequency is discussed, based on numerical results. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2289-2302 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Bernoulli-Euler theory and Bessel functions are used to obtain explicit expressions for the exact dynamic stiffnesses for axial, torsional and flexural vibrations of any beam which is tapered such that A varies as yn and GJ and I both vary as y(n + 2), where A, GJ and I have their usual meanings; y = (cx/L) + 1; c is a constant such that c 〉 - 1; L is the length of the beam; and x is the distance from one end of the beam. Numerical checks give better than seven-figure agreement with the stiffnesses obtained by extrapolation from stepped beams with 400 and 500 uniform elements. A procedure is given for calculating the number of natural frequencies exceeded by any trial frequency when the ends of the member are clamped. This enables an existing algorithm to be used to obtain the natural frequencies of structures which contain tapered members.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 26 (1988), S. 1825-1841 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A ‘multiple determinant parabolic interpolation method’ is described and evaluated, principally by using a plane frame test-bed program. It is intended primarily for solving the transcendental eigenvalue problems arising when the ‘exact’ member equations obtained by solving the governing differential equations of members are used to find the eigenvalues (i.e. critical buckling loads or undamped natural frequencies) of structures. The method has five stages which together ensure successful convergence on the required eigenvalues in all circumstances. Thus, whenever checks indicate its suitability, parabolic interpolation is used to obtain eigenvalues more rapidly than would the popular bisection alternative. The checks also ensure a wise choice of the determinant used by the interpolation. The determinants available are all usually zero at eigenvalues, and comprise the determinant of the overall stiffness matrix Kn and the determinants which result, with negligible extra computation, from effectively considering all except the last m (m=1, 2,…, n-1) freedoms to which Kn corresponds as internal substructure freedoms. Tests showed time savings compared to bisection of 31 per cent when finding non-coincident eigenvalues to relative accuracy ∊ = 10-4, increasing to 62 per cent when ∊ = 10-8. The tests also showed time savings of about 10 per cent compared with an earlier Newtonian approach. The method requires no derivatives and its use in the widely available space frame program BUNVIS-RG has demonstrated how easily it can replace bisection, which was used in the earlier program BUNVIS.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 609-622 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An existing algorithm ensures that no eigenvalues are missed when using the stiffness matrix method of structural analysis, where the eigenvalues are the natural frequencies of undamped free vibration analyses or the critical load factors of buckling problems. The algorithm permits efficient multi-level substructuring and gives ‘exact’ results when the member equations used are those obtained by solving appropriate differential equations. The present paper extends this algorithm to cover rotationally periodic (i.e. cyclically symmetric) three-dimensional structures which are analysed by using complex arithmetic to obtain a stiffness matrix which involves only one of the rotationally repeating portions of the structure. Nodes and members are allowed to coincide with the axis of rotational periodicity and the resulting modes are classified. Rigid body freedoms are accounted for empirically, and the ‘exact’ member equations and efficient multi-level substructuring of the earlier algorithm can be used when assembling the stiffness matrix of the repeating portion.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 695-706 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The theory presented enables rotationally periodic (i.e. cyclically symmetric) three-dimensional substructures to be included when using existing algorithms to ensure that no eigenvalues are missed when the stiffness matrix method of structural analysis is used, where the eigenvalues are the natural frequencies of undamped free vibration analyses or the critical load factors of buckling problems. A substructure can be connected in any required way to a parent structure which shares its rotational periodicity, or can be connected by nodes at each end of its axis of periodicity to any parent structure, i.e. the parent structure need not be periodic. The theory uses complex arithmetic, involves only one of the rotationally repeating portions of the substructure, allows nodes and members to coincide with the axis of rotational periodicity, permits efficient multi-level use of rotationally periodic substructures, and gives ‘exact’ eigenvalues if the member equations used are those obtained by solving appropriate differential equations. The competitiveness of the method is illustrated by approximate predictions of computation times and savings for two structures which contain rotationally periodic substructures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 557-567 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When the method of lines is used for solving time-dependent partial differential equations, finite differences are commonly employed to obtain the semidiscrete equations. Usually, if the solution is expected to be smooth, symmetric difference formulae are chosen for approximating the spatial derivatives. These difference formulae are almost invariably based on Lagrange type differentiation formulae. However, if it is known in advance that periodic components of given frequency are dominating in the solution, more accurate difference formulae, based on exponentials with imaginary exponent, are available. This paper derives such formulae and presents numerical results which clearly indicate that the accuracy can be improved considerably by exploiting additional knowledge on the frequencies of the solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 23 (1986), S. 1615-1628 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Bernoulli-Euler theory and Bessel functions are used to obtain explicit expressions for the exact static stiffnesses for axial, torsional and flexural deformation of an axially loaded beam which is tapered such that A varies as yl, GJ as ym+2, and I as yn+2, where A, GJ and I have their usual meanings, y = (cx/L) + 1, c is a constant such that c 〉 - 1, L is the length of the beam, x is the distance from one end of the beam, l and m can have any value and n is 1,2 or - 1. The work complements the similar dynamic stiffness derivations of Reference 2. Numerical results for a beam with substantial taper (c = 1.0) give better than seven figure agreement with the stiffnesses obtained by extrapolation from stepped beams with 400 and 500 uniform elements. A procedure is given for calculating the number of critical buckling loads of a clamped/clamped member that are exceeded by any trial load so that an existing algorithm can be used to obtain the exact critical buckling loads of structures which contain tapered members.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A moving finite element method that calculates the transient temperature distribution, the density distribution and the stress distribution during the sintering cycle has been developed. Coupled two-dimensional axisymmetric energy, continuity and stress equilibrium equations along with a constraint, specifying the direction of the initial material velocity, are solved in a Lagrangian co-ordinate system. The nodes move at the same speed as the material and therefore the convective terms in the differential equations drop out. At every time step, the energy equation is solved, and the computed temperatures are then used to find the densification rate. In two-dimensional problems, the continuity equation is not sufficient to calculate the two components of material velocity. Here, it is assumed that the diffusion caused by the density gradient is the driving force. This implies that the velocity vector of the material is perpendicular to the lines of constant density. Therefore, the combination of the diffusion and continuity equations will generate the initial sintering strains. The elastic stress equilibrium equations are then solved using the thermal and initial sintering strains as the driving forces. As a result, the final shape of the material and the stresses are determined.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1057-1067 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: bounding exact ; transcendental eigenproblems ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An alternative algorithm for finding exact natural frequencies or buckling loads from the transcendental, e.g. dynamic, stiffness matrix method is presented in this paper and evaluated by using the plate assembly testbed program VICONOPT. The method is based on the bounding properties of the eigenvalues provided by either linear or quadratic matrix pencils on the exact solutions of the transcendental eigenvalue problem. The procedure presented has five stages, including two accuracy checking stages which prevent unnecessary calculations. Numerical tests on buckling of general anisotropic plate assemblies show that significant time savings can be achieved compared with an earlier multiple determinant parabolic interpolation method.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 969-987 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element ; creep cracks ; cyclic loads ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This work addresses finite element (FE) modelling of creep cracks under reversed and cyclic loads in steels. A constitutive model based on the creep hardening surface developed by Murakami and Ohno has been selected for this purpose. This model is particularly accurate for describing creep under reversed and cyclic loads and requires no additional material constants. An FE algorithm for this model has been derived and implemented into a research code FVP. The algorithm is verified by comparing the numerical predictions with closed form solutions for simple geometries and loading configurations. FE predictions are compared with experimental data for a stationary crack in a compact tension specimen. The stress and strain fields in the vicinity of a crack under a sustained load are compared with those for the intermediate unloading case. Several integral fracture parameters are investigated as to their appropriateness for describing creep cracks under reversed and cyclic loads.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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