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  • 1
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    The composition of heavy molecular ions inside the ionopause of Comet Halley (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The RPA2-PICCA instrument aboard the Giotto spacecraft obtained 10-210 amu mass spectral of cold thermal molecular ions in the coma of Comet Halley. The dissociation products of the long chain formaldehyde polymer polyoxymethylene (POM) have recently been proposed as the dominant complex molecules in the coma of Comet Halley; however, POM alone cannot account for all of the features of the high resolution spectrum. An important component of the dust at Comet Halley is particles highly enriched in carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen relative to the composition of carbonaceous chondrites. Since this dust could be a source for the heavy molecules observed by PICCA, a search was conducted for other chemical species by determining all the molecules with mass between 20 and 120 amu which can be made from the relatively abundant C, H, O, and N, without regard to chemical structure.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Ames Research Center, Interstellar Dust: Contributed Papers; p 451-452
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  • 2
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    When My Name Suddenly Was "Murphy" (2002)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-30
    Description: The author recounts how he was named the Launch Vehicle Manager for the Mars Pathfinder mission, after his project manager suffered a heart attack shortly before launch. He explains that he was prepared for the sudden responsibilities, since his project manager required that he learn many new skills.
    Keywords: Administration and Management
    Type: ASK Magazine; No. 8; 19-21; NASA/NP-2002-06-291-HQ
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  • 3
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    Bandwidth Criteria for Category I and II PIOs (2001)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This presentation gives information on: pitch criteria based on airplane Bandwidth; apply research, experimental, operational data; compare Smith-Geddes, Gibson, Neal-Smith criteria; bandwidth criteria for Category II PIO; control/response sensitivity and PIO; extension to roll a axis; and some recommendations.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: Pilot-Induced Oscillation Research: The Status at the End of the Century; Volume 1; 17-28; NASA/CP-2001-210389/VOL1
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  • 4
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    Simulation investigation of the effects of helicopter hovering dynamics on pilot performance (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A fixed base simulation has been performed to investigate the handling qualities requirements for the mid-term pitch response of a helicopter at hover and in low-speed flight. Pilot rating results from this simulation were compared with those from previous experiments to develop handling qualities limits on the frequency and damping of the oscillatory mode in the hovering cubic. Pilot performance data obtained during the experiment were used to confirm the pilot rating results. These data show the pilot performance to closely match that predicted by the theory of piloted control. A means of predicting pilot ratings from the open-loop aircraft dynamics is presented.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL
    Type: AIAA PAPER 87-2533
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    A flight investigation of helicopter low-speed response requirements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A flight experiment has been conducted using the Canadian National Aeronautical Establishment's variable-stability airborne simulator to define the dynamic response requirements for operations at hover and low speeds. Fourteen Attitude Command/Attitude Hold, Rate, and Rate Command/Attitude Hold configurations were evaluated by six pilots using both conventional controls and a four-axis integrated sidestick over a low-speed course consisting of precision hover, landing, sidestep, and dash/quickstop tasks. The results indicate that with conventional controls all three response-types were acceptable as long as their response bandwidth was sufficiently high, and higher bandwidths were required in roll than in pitch. With the four-axis sidestick, there was a preference for the Rate systems. The range of acceptable bandwidths was lower, and the spread in pilot ratings smaller, than were found in a similar ground-based simulation.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT STABILITY AND CONTROL
    Type: AIAA PAPER 87-2285
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  • 6
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    Contributions of the ARM Program to Radiative Transfer Modeling for Climate and Weather Applications (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Accurate climate and weather simulations must account for all relevant physical processes and their complex interactions. Each of these atmospheric, ocean, and land processes must be considered on an appropriate spatial and temporal scale, which leads these simulations to require a substantial computational burden. One especially critical physical process is the flow of solar and thermal radiant energy through the atmosphere, which controls planetary heating and cooling and drives the large-scale dynamics that moves energy from the tropics toward the poles. Radiation calculations are therefore essential for climate and weather simulations, but are themselves quite complex even without considering the effects of variable and inhomogeneous clouds. Clear-sky radiative transfer calculations have to account for thousands of absorption lines due to water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases, which are irregularly distributed across the spectrum and have shapes dependent on pressure and temperature. The line-by-line (LBL) codes that treat these details have a far greater computational cost than can be afforded by global models. Therefore, the crucial requirement for accurate radiation calculations in climate and weather prediction models must be satisfied by fast solar and thermal radiation parameterizations with a high level of accuracy that has been demonstrated through extensive comparisons with LBL codes. See attachment for continuation.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN35638
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  • 7
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    Solar Wind Induced Waves in the Skies of Mars: Ionospheric Compression, Energization, and Escape Resulting from the Impact of Ultralow Frequency Magnetosonic Waves Generated Upstream of the Martian Bow Shock (2018)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Using data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Mars Atmosphere and Voltatile EvolutioN and the European Space Agency Mars Express spacecraft, we show that transient phenomena in the foreshock and solar wind can directly inject energy into the ionosphere of Mars. We demonstrate that the impact of compressive ultralow frequency waves in the solar wind on the induced magnetospheres drive compressional, linearly polarized, magnetosonic ultralow frequency waves in the ionosphere, and a localized electromagnetic "ringing" at the local proton gyro frequency. The pulsations heat and energize Ionospheric plasmas. A preliminary survey of events shows that no special upstream conditions are required in the interplanetary magnetic field or solar wind. Elevated ion densities and temperatures in the solar wind near to Mars are consistent with the presence of an additional population of Martian ions, leading to ion-ion instabilities, associated wave-particle interactions, and heating of the solar wind. The phenomenon was found to be seasonal, occurring when Mars is near perihelion. Finally, we present simultaneous multipoint observations of the phenomenon, with the Mars Express observing the waves upstream, and Mars Atmosphere and Voltatile EvolutioN observing the response in the ionosphere. When these new observations are combined with decades of previous studies, they collectively provide strong evidence for a previously undemonstrated atmospheric loss process at unmagnetized planets: ionospheric escape driven by the direct impact of transient phenomena from the foreshock and solar wind.
    Keywords: Solar Physics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN62778 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (ISSN 2169-9402) (e-ISSN 2169-9380); 123; 9; 7241-7256
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  • 8
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    The Twisted Configuration of the Martian Magnetotail: MAVEN Observations (2018)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements provided by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft are analyzed to investigate the Martian magnetotail configuration as a function of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BY. We find that the magnetotail lobes exhibit a ~45deg twist, either clockwise or counterclockwise from the ecliptic plane, up to a few Mars radii downstream. Moreover, the associated cross-tail current sheet is rotated away from the expected location for a Venus-like induced magnetotail based on nominal IMF draping. Data-model comparisons using magnetohydrodynamic simulations are in good agreement with the observed tail twist. Model field line tracings indicate that a majority of the twisted tail lobes are composed of open field lines, surrounded by draped IMF. We infer that dayside magnetic reconnection between the crustal fields and draped IMF creates these open fields and may be responsible for the twisted tail configuration, similar to what is observed at Earth.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN60525 , Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276) (e-ISSN 1944-8007); 45; 10; 4559-4568
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  • 9
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    Spontaneous Hot Flow Anomalies at Mars and Venus (2017)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We report the first observations of Spontaneous Hot Flow Anomalies (SHFAs) at Venus and Mars, demonstrating their existence in the foreshocks of other planets beyond Earth. Using data from the ESA Venus Express and the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, we present magnetic and plasma observations from events at both planets, exhibiting properties similar to classical Hot Flow Anomalies, with bounding shock-like compressive regions and a hot and diffuse core. However, these explosive foreshock transients were observed without any attendant interplanetary magnetic field discontinuity, consistent with SHFAs observed at Earth and our hybrid simulations.
    Keywords: Space Radiation
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN53853 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (ISSN 2169-9402) (e-ISSN ); 122; vember 10; 9910-9923
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  • 10
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    The Three-Dimensional Bow Shock of Mars as Observed by MAVEN (2018)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Martian magnetosphere is a product of the interaction of Mars with the interplanetary magnetic field and the supersonic solar wind. The location of the bow shock has been previously modeled as conic sections using data from spacecraft such as Phobos 2, Mars Global Surveyor, and Mars Express. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission spacecraft arrived in orbit about Mars in November 2014 resulting in thousands of crossings to date. We identify over 1,000 bow shock crossings. We model the bow shock as a three-dimensional surface accommodating asymmetry caused by crustal magnetic fields. By separating MAVEN's bow shock encounters based on solar condition, we also investigate the variability of the surface. We find that the shock surface varies in shape and location in response to changes in the solar radiation, the solar wind Mach number, dynamic pressure of the solar wind, and the relative local time location of the strong crustal magnetic fields (i.e., whether they are on the dayside or on the nightside).
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN61451 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (e-ISSN 2169-9402); 123; 6; 4542-4555
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