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  • 1
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    Kinetics of methane and tar evolution during coal pyrolysis (2005)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1540-7489
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2704
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Elsevier
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Torrefaction Processing for Human Solid Waste Management (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This study involved a torrefaction (mild pyrolysis) processing approach that could be used to sterilize feces and produce a stable, odor-free solid product that can be stored or recycled, and also to simultaneously recover moisture. It was demonstrated that mild heating (200-250 C) in nitrogen or air was adequate for torrefaction of a fecal simulant and an analog of human solid waste (canine feces). The net result was a nearly undetectable odor (for the canine feces), complete recovery of moisture, some additional water production, a modest reduction of the dry solid mass, and the production of small amounts of gas and liquid. The liquid product is mainly water, with a small Total Organic Carbon content. The amount of solid vs gas plus liquid products can be controlled by adjusting the torrefaction conditions (final temperature, holding time), and the current work has shown that the benefits of torrefaction could be achieved in a low temperature range (〈 250 C). These temperatures are compatible with the PTFE bag materials historically used by NASA for fecal waste containment and will reduce the energy consumption of the process. The solid product was a dry material that did not support bacterial growth and was hydrophobic relative to the starting material. In the case of canine feces, the solid product was a mechanically friable material that could be easily compacted to a significantly smaller volume (approx. 50%). The proposed Torrefaction Processing Unit (TPU) would be designed to be compatible with the Universal Waste Management System (UWMS), now under development by NASA. A stand-alone TPU could be used to treat the canister from the UWMS, along with other types of wet solid wastes, with either conventional or microwave heating. Over time, a more complete integration of the TPU and the UWMS could be achieved, but will require design changes in both units.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support; Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: ICES-2016-341 , JSC-CN-35680 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 10, 2016 - Jul 14, 2016; Vienna; Austria
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide, Ammonia, Formaldehyde, and Water Vapor on Regenerable Carbon Sorbents (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Results are presented on the development of reversible sorbents for the combined carbon dioxide, moisture, and tracecontaminant (TC) removal for use in Extravehicular Activities (EVAs), and more specifically in the Primary Life Support System (PLSS). The currently available life support systems use separate units for carbon dioxide, trace contaminants, and moisture control, and the longterm objective is to replace the above three modules with a single one. Furthermore, the current TCcontrol technology involves the use of a packed bed of acidimpregnated granular charcoal, which is nonregenerable, and the carbonbased sorbent under development in this project can be regenerated by exposure to vacuum at room temperature. In this study, several carbon sorbents were fabricated and tested for simultaneous carbon dioxide, ammonia, formaldehyde, and water sorption. Multiple adsorption/vacuumregeneration cycles were demonstrated at room temperature, and also the enhancement of formaldehyde sorption by the presence of ammonia in the gas mixture.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-CN-32535 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 12, 2015 - Jul 16, 2015; Bellevue, WA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Making Activated Carbon for Storing Gas (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Solid disks of microporous activated carbon, produced by a method that enables optimization of pore structure, have been investigated as means of storing gas (especially hydrogen for use as a fuel) at relatively low pressure through adsorption on pore surfaces. For hydrogen and other gases of practical interest, a narrow distribution of pore sizes 〈2 nm is preferable. The present method is a variant of a previously patented method of cyclic chemisorption and desorption in which a piece of carbon is alternately (1) heated to the lower of two elevated temperatures in air or other oxidizing gas, causing the formation of stable carbon/oxygen surface complexes; then (2) heated to the higher of the two elevated temperatures in flowing helium or other inert gas, causing the desorption of the surface complexes in the form of carbon monoxide. In the present method, pore structure is optimized partly by heating to a temperature of 1,100 C during carbonization. Another aspect of the method exploits the finding that for each gas-storage pressure, gas-storage capacity can be maximized by burning off a specific proportion (typically between 10 and 20 weight percent) of the carbon during the cyclic chemisorption/desorption process.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: MSC-23233 , NASA Tech Briefs, October 2005; 20
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Pyrolysis process for producing fuel gas (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Solid waste resource recovery in space is effected by pyrolysis processing, to produce light gases as the main products (CH.sub.4, H.sub.2, CO.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2O, NH.sub.3) and a reactive carbon-rich char as the main byproduct. Significant amounts of liquid products are formed under less severe pyrolysis conditions, and are cracked almost completely to gases as the temperature is raised. A primary pyrolysis model for the composite mixture is based on an existing model for whole biomass materials, and an artificial neural network models the changes in gas composition with the severity of pyrolysis conditions.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Adsorption of Ammonia on Regenerable Carbon Sorbents (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are presented on the development of reversible sorbents for the combined carbon dioxide, moisture, and trace-contaminant (TC) removal for use in Extravehicular Activities (EVAs), and more specifically in the Primary Life Support System (PLSS). The currently available life support systems use separate units for carbon dioxide, trace contaminants, and moisture control, and the long-term objective is to replace the above three modules with a single one. Data on sorption and desorption of ammonia, which is a major TC of concern, are presented in this paper. The current TC-control technology involves the use of a packed bed of acid-impregnated granular charcoal, which is non-regenerable, and the carbon-based sorbent under development in this project can be regenerated by exposure to vacuum at room temperature. In this study, several carbon sorbents were fabricated and tested for ammonia sorption. Ammonia-sorption capacity was related to carbon pore structure characteristics, and the temperature of oxidative carbon-surface treatment was optimized for enhanced ammonia-sorption performance.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: JSC-CN-33342 , ICES-2015-179 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 12, 2015 - Jul 16, 2015; Bellevue, WA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Co-Adsorption of Ammonia and Formaldehyde on Regenerable Carbon Sorbents for the Primary Life Support System (PLSS) (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are presented on the development of a reversible carbon sorbent for trace-contaminant (TC) removal for use in Extravehicular Activities (EVAs), and more specifically in the Primary Life Support System (PLSS). The current TC-control technology involves the use of a packed bed of acid-impregnated granular charcoal, which is deemed non-regenerable, while the carbon-based sorbent under development in this project can be regenerated by exposure to vacuum at room temperature. Data on concurrent sorption and desorption of ammonia and formaldehyde, which are major TCs of concern, are presented in this paper. A carbon sorbent was fabricated by dry impregnation of a reticulated carbon-foam support with polyvinylidene chloride, followed by carbonization and thermal oxidation in air. Sorbent performance was tested for ammonia and formaldehyde sorption and vacuum regeneration, with and without water present in the gas stream. It was found that humidity in the gas phase enhanced ammonia-sorption capacity by a factor larger than two. Co-adsorption of ammonia and formaldehyde in the presence of water resulted in strong formaldehyde sorption (to the point that it was difficult to saturate the sorbent on the time scales used in this study). In the absence of humidity, adsorption of formaldehyde on the carbon surface was found to impair ammonia sorption in subsequent runs; in the presence of water, however, both ammonia and formaldehyde could be efficiently removed from the gas phase by the sorbent. The efficiency of vacuum regeneration could be enhanced by gentle heating to temperatures below 60 deg.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2016-345 , JSC-CN-36438 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 10, 2016 - Jul 14, 2016; Vienna; Austria
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Monolithic Trace-Contaminant Sorbents Fabricated from 3D-Printed Polymer Precursors (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The current trace-contaminant (TC) removal technology for use in Extravehicular Activities (EVAs) involves the use of a packed bed of acid-impregnated granular charcoal, which is difficult to regenerate. In this paper, results are presented on the development of vacuum-regenerable TC sorbents for use in the Portable Life Support System (PLSS). The sorbents are derived from 3D-printed polymer monoliths (e.g., honeycomb structures), which are then carbonized and activated in order to develop porosity, and also to enhance the TC-sorption capacity. Results are presented on the following aspects of carbon-sorbent development: (1) precursor selection; (2) monolith fabrication; (3) shape retention and strength; (4) carbon surface and porosity characterization; (5) TC-sorption capacity and vacuum-regeneration; (6) pressure drop; and (7) sub-scale sorbent prototype. The use of predominantly microporous monolithic carbon is associated with the following benefits: (a) high TC-sorption capacity; (b) low pressure drop; (c) rapid vacuum (pressure-swing) desorption due to thin monolith walls and low pressure drop; (d) good thermal management (high thermal conductivity and low adsorption/desorption thermal effects associated with physisorption); and (e) good resistance to dusty environments.
    Keywords: Composite Materials; Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: ICES-2019-286 , JSC-E-DAA-TN66841 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Pyrolysis processing for solid waste resource recovery (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Solid waste resource recovery in space is effected by pyrolysis processing, to produce light gases as the main products (CH.sub.4, H.sub.2, CO.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2O, NH.sub.3) and a reactive carbon-rich char as the main byproduct. Significant amounts of liquid products are formed under less severe pyrolysis conditions, and are cracked almost completely to gases as the temperature is raised. A primary pyrolysis model for the composite mixture is based on an existing model for whole biomass materials, and an artificial neural network models the changes in gas composition with the severity of pyrolysis conditions.
    Keywords: Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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