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  • feeding resistance  (3)
  • Cold hardiness  (2)
  • Springer  (5)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (5)
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  • Springer  (5)
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roles of amino acids, protein, and fiber in leaf-feeding resistance of corn to the fall armyworm (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1977-1995 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; corn ; Zea mays ; plant-insect interaction ; amino acids ; herbivory ; feeding resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The free amino acids have been shown by isolational work and choice bioassays to be more important than all other factors evaluated in defining leaf-feeding resistance of corn (Zea mays L.) to fall armyworm (FAW) [(Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith)] larvae. 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone) and maysin, toxins present in corn, were shown not to be significant factors for leaf-feeding resistance to first-instar FAW larvae because of their low concentrations in the whorl. Amino acid analysis showed that while the ratios of the essential amino acids in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) lines were similar, there were differences in the nonessential amino acids, particularly aspartic acid, which was higher in R lines. Also, the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids was important, being too low in expressed whorl leaf juice (obtained from V8–V10 growth stage plants) to support larval growth, although juice was stimulatory in choice tests. The total protein content of whorls in S lines was about 15% higher than in R lines, but the significance of this difference is uncertain, because nutritional tests showed that larval growth increased with total protein only up to 12% protein. Sugars were only slightly stimulatory. Thus, the amino acids along with higher hemicellulose content of R lines, established by us earlier, appear to explain much of the basis of resistance in corn to larval leaf-feeding of the FAW.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020510
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (N-O-Me-DIMBOA), a possible toxic factor in corn to the southwestern corn borer (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn ; Zea mays (L.) ; southwestern bora borer ; Diatraea grandiosella ; Dyar ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; feeding resistance ; 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; N-O-Me-DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The southwestern corn borer (SWCB),Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, is a major pest of corn,Zea mays L., in the southern United States. The damage to corn is caused primarily by larval feeding on leaf, ear, and stem tissues. In this study, 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (N-O-Me-DIMBOA) was identified by MS and NMR as present in corn whorl surface waxes. This compound has evidently not been isolated previously, but its glucoside has been reported in corn, wheat, andCoix lachryma. It is present in the waxes in a higher concentration than DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) and 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone). It was toxic to the SWCB in a stress diet, but it was less toxic to this insect than 6-MBOA when incorporated in the standard rearing diet. Nevertheless, it may have some role in the resistance of corn to the SWCB because the total surface wax content is higher in resistant lines than in susceptible lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994323
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mediation of deep supercooling of peach and dogwood by enzymatic modifications in cell-wall structure (1991)
    Springer
    Planta 184 (1991), S. 254-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Prunus ; Cornus ; Cold hardiness ; Supercooling ; Xylem parenchyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of stem sections of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) with macerase, an enzyme mixture rich in pectinase, for 24–48 h resulted in a complete flattening of the low-temperature exotherm (LTE) as determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Ultrastructural analysis of macerase-treated tissue demonstrated a nearly complete digestion of the pit membrane (black cap and primary cell-wall) of nearly 100% of the xylem-parenchyma cells examined after 48 h of exposure to the enzyme. Additionally, the underlying amorphous layer was partially degraded in up to 57% of the cells examined. The macerase treatment had no visible effect on secondary cell-walls of xylem tissue. In contrast, treatment of stem tissue with cellulysin (mostly cellulase) resulted in a shift of the LTE to warmer temperatures as determined by DTA, and a digestion of only the outermost layer of the pit membrane in nearly 100% of the cells examined, with little or no effect on the underlying layers. Treatment of tissue with 25 mM sodiumphosphate buffer also resulted in a shift of the LTE to warmer temperatures but the shift was not as great as in cellulysin-treated tissue. The shift was associated with a partial degradation of the outermost layer of the pit membrane in dogwood (33–45% of the cells examined) but not in peach (3–7% of the cells). Collectively, the data indicate that pectins may be an integral structural element of the pit membrane and that this portion of the cell-wall, along with the underlying amorphous layer, play a major role in forming a barrier to water movement and growth of ice crystals. This barrier allows xylem parenchyma of some species of woody plants to undergo deep supercooling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01102426
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mediation of deep supercooling of peach and dogwood by enzymatic modifications in cell-wall structure (1991)
    Springer
    Planta 184 (1991), S. 254-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Prunus ; Cornus ; Cold hardiness ; Supercooling ; Xylem parenchyma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of stem sections of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) with macerase, an enzyme mixture rich in pectinase, for 24–48 h resulted in a complete flattening of the low-temperature exotherm (LTE) as determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Ultrastructural analysis of macerase-treated tissue demonstrated a nearly complete digestion of the pit membrane (black cap and primary cell-wall) of nearly 100% of the xylem-parenchyma cells examined after 48 h of exposure to the enzyme. Additionally, the underlying amorphous layer was partially degraded in up to 57% of the cells examined. The macerase treatment had no visible effect on secondary cell-walls of xylem tissue. In contrast, treatment of stem tissue with cellulysin (mostly cellulase) resulted in a shift of the LTE to warmer temperatures as determined by DTA, and a digestion of only the outermost layer of the pit membrane in nearly 100% of the cells examined, with little or no effect on the underlying layers. Treatment of tissue with 25 mM sodiumphosphate buffer also resulted in a shift of the LTE to warmer temperatures but the shift was not as great as in cellulysin-treated tissue. The shift was associated with a partial degradation of the outermost layer of the pit membrane in dogwood (33–45% of the cells examined) but not in peach (3–7% of the cells). Collectively, the data indicate that pectins may be an integral structural element of the pit membrane and that this portion of the cell-wall, along with the underlying amorphous layer, play a major role in forming a barrier to water movement and growth of ice crystals. This barrier allows xylem parenchyma of some species of woody plants to undergo deep supercooling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197955
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arrestant responses of southwestern corn borer larvae to free amino acids: Structure-activity relationships (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 301-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Southwestern corn borer ; Diatraea grandiosella Dyar ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; corn ; Zea mays L. ; plant-insect interaction ; amino acids ; sugars ; herbivory ; feeding resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf-feeding resistance of corn or maizeZea mays L. to the southwestern corn borer, SWCB,Diatraea grandiosella Dyar has been attributed at least in part to decreased protein, increased crude fiber, and increased hemicellulose in the whorls of resistant genotypes. In this study, individual amino acids and sugars were evaluated as arrestants, with the objective of identifying those that gave weak or negative responses. Several structure-activity relationships were identified. Larvae responded to three-carbonn alkyl alpha amino acids more than to two-, four-, five-, and six-carbon compounds. Amino acids with terminal isopropyl functions gave decreased responses relative to theirn-alkyl counterparts. Dicarboxylic acids and their amides gave the lowest responses of all classes of amino acids. The normally occurring basic amino acids were all good arrestants. The guanido [HN:C(NH2)NH-] function was somewhat important to an arrestant response, as was the number of methylenes between the alpha and omega amino functions of diaminon-alkyl amino acids. Hydroxy amino acids were generally good arrestants unless the hydroxyl was located on a ring system. The two sugars present in expressed corn whorl juice, glucose and fructose, gave poor responses. However, two other sugars, mannose and arabinose, whose C-2 hydroxyls are conformationally in the axial position, were strongly arrestant. Formulated amino acid mixtures based on their content in whorl juice were as strong arrestants as whorl juice. However, the relative contributions of amino acids and sugars that are weak arrestants to the resistance of corn to SWCB larvae is uncertain because amino acid analyses did not reveal significantly higher contents of these amino acids in the whorl juices of resistant lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993697
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