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  • Springer  (602)
  • Oxford University Press  (8)
  • American Society of Hematology  (3)
  • 2015-2019  (536)
  • 2005-2009  (14)
  • 1990-1994  (30)
  • 1980-1984  (33)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 46 (1991), S. 343-353 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: PLA-folding ; vertex separation ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwei diskrete Optimierungsprobleme beim VLSI-Design sind die Fläche eines programmierbaren logischen Arrays (PLA) zu reduzieren und einen Graphen in möglichst gleich große Teilgraphen zu zerlegen. Wir zeigen, daß eine in der Praxis oft benutzte Flächenreduktionstechnik, das Blockfolding, äquivalent ist zu dem Problem, Graphen durch Wegnahme von Knoten zu zerlegen. Es wird gezeigt, daß dieses Problem schon für 3-reguläre GraphenNP-schwer ist.
    Notes: Abstract Two discrete optimization problems arising in VLSI are to reduce the area of a programmable logic array (PLA) and to separate graphs uniformly. We show that a commonly used area reduction technique called blockfolding is equivalent to separating graphs by vertex deletion. The later problem is shown to be NP-complete even for 3-regular-graphs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 753-759 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Messungen des Abfalls der transversalen Magnetisierung von geschmolzenem Polyethylenoxid sowohl unter gewöhnlichen Bedingungen als auch bei Rotation der Probe um die magische Achse durchgeführt. Bei Molekulargewichten unterhalb von etwa 6.000 findet man bei den nicht-rotierenden Proben einen exponentiellen Abfall, der auch bei einer Rotation der Probe unverändert bleibt. Bei höherliegenden Molekulargewichten erhält man dagegen für die nicht-rotierenden Proben einen nichtexponentiellen Abfall, der bei einer Rotation mit zwei kHz in einen exponentiellen Abfall übergeht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Hilfe der Annahme erklärt, daß bei Molekulargewichten über 6.000 Kettenverschlaufungen auftreten, die zu einer anisotropen Bewegung der Moleküle führen. Diese Annahme wird durch Viskositätsmessungen erhärtet. Ähnliche Ergebnisse werden auch für in Chloroform gelöstem Polyethylenoxid erhalten. Oberhalb einer kritischen Konzentration, die um so geringer ist, je höher das Molekulargewicht wird, wird die Bewegung der Moleküle vermutlich als Folge von Kettenverschlaufungen anisotrop. Aus der Rotationsfrequenz, die erforderlich ist, um den Einfluß der anisotropen Bewegung zu beseitigen, werden Rückschlüsse auf die Lebensdauer der Kettenverschlaufungen gezogen.
    Notes: Summary The decay of the transversal magnetization of molten polyethylene oxide is measured not only under usual conditions but also while the sample is rotating around the magic axis. For molecular weights below about 6,000, the decay of the samples not rotating is exponential and the same as that obtained for the rotating samples. For molecular weights above that value, for the samples not rotating, a non exponential decay is obtained which goes over in a decay which is almost exponential if the sample rotates with 2 kHz. The results are explained by the assumption that, for molecular weights above 6,000, chain entanglements 'occur due to which the molecular motion becomes anisotropic. This assumption is in agreement with viscosity measurements. Similar results are obtained for polyethylene oxide solved in chloroform. Above a critical concentration, which decreases with increasing molecular weight, probably due to entanglements, the motion of the molecules becomes anisotropic. From the revolution frequency which is necessary to ommit the influence of anisotropic motion, conclusions concerning the lifetime of an entanglement are drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 14 (1982), S. 375-389 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of an external dispersive resonator on the emission properties of a double heterostructure semiconductor laser operating at room temperature has been investigated. The proper design of the external resonator (frequency selectivity and efficient back-coupling of the radiation leaving the diode) demonstrates that a laser with optical feedback can show bistability and hysteresis phenomena. The dispersive bistability has its origin in the dependence of the refractive index on carrier density, temperature and optical power. Hysteresis curves have been measured by changing the injection current or by tuning the dispersive element. We have found a threshold in the injection current for the onset of the hysteretic behaviour. Moreover, a theoretical model has been established to explain the essential features of the experimental results. Hysteresis cycles for different experiments have been calculated.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract π 0 photoproduction has been measured on12C,13C and16O in theΔ-resonance region. By limiting the acceptance of theπ 0 spectrometer to small angles (Θ≦10°), only the coherent channel could contribute. The data show a broadening of the resonance width whereas the peak energy remains essentially unchanged. Theoretical calculations give considerably lower values compared with our data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Neutron scattering has been employed to study the crystalline electric field (CEF) interaction at the Ho3+ site in Bi2Sr2Ca0.5Ho0.5Cu2O8+x. The observed energy spectra exhibit a large number of broad but well-resolved CEF transitions between 1.2 and 73 meV, so that we have been able to unambiguously determine all nine CEF parameters required for the average orthorhombic symmetry. The unusually large line widths of the CEF transitions are shown to be related to the modulated structure. The CEF potential is essentially governed by the charge distribution of the CuO2 planes which turns out to be very similar as in HoBa2Cu3O7-x.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 41 (1981), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Properties of the metallic Van Vleck paramagnet PrNi5 which are relevant for its use as a nuclear refrigerant (particularly its nuclear entropy) have been measured, and are discussed in comparison to the relevant properties of Cu. By demagnetizing it, a minimum equilibrium temperature of 0.2 mK has been obtained; no deviation from ideal reversible behavior of the demagnetization has been observed down to 0.5 mK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Bacterium ; Fermentation ; Nutrition ; Optimization ; Liquefaction ; High-substrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An alternative process for industrial lactic acid production was deveooped using a starch degrading lactic acid producing organism,Lactobacillus amylovorus B-4542. In this process, saccharification takes place during the fermentation, eliminating the need for complete hydrolysis of the starch to glucose prior to fermentation. The cost savings of this alternative are substantial since it eliminates the energy input, separate reactor tank, time, and enzyme associated with the typical pre-fermentation saccharification step. The only pre-treatment was gelatinization and enzyme-thinning of the starch to overcome viscosity problems associated with high starch concentrations and to make the starch more rapidly degradable. This fermentation process was optimized for temperature, substrate level, nitrogen source and level, mineral level, B-vitamins, volatile fatty acids, pH, and buffer source. The rate of the reaction and the final level of lactic acid obtained in the optimized liquefied starch process was similar to that obtained withL. delbrueckii B-445 using glucose as the substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 52 (1994), S. 734-741 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Cooperative fares in public transport should allow changes between the transport systems of different transport authorities without restrictions. They should be planned such that losses for all transport authorities involved and disadvantages on the part of the passengers are avoided. It will be shown how traffic assignment models can be used to describe and evaluate fare zone and fare system models.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gemeinschaftstarife im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV) sollen freizügiges Umsteigen zwischen den Verkehrssystemen verschiedener Verkehrsunternehmen ermöglichen. Sie sind so zu konzipieren, daß alle beteiligten Verkehrsunternehmen keine Verluste und möglichst wenig Fahrgäste Nachteile erleiden. Es wird gezeigt, wie Tarifzonenmodelle und Fahrpreissysteme mit Hilfe von Wegewahlmodellen beschrieben und ausgewertet werden können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0581
    Keywords: Geoid topography ; fracture zone morphology ; satellite altimetry ; transform fault ; plate reconstructions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Geoid data from Geosat and subsatellite basement depth profiles of the Kane Fracture Zone in the central North Atlantic were used to examine the correlation between the short-wavelength geoid (λ=25–100 km) and the uncompensated basement topography. The processing technique we apply allows the stacking of geoid profiles, although each repeat cycle has an unknown long-wavelength bias. We first formed the derivative of individual profiles, stacked up to 22 repeat cycles, and then integrated the average-slope profile to reconstruct the geoid height. The stacked, filtered geoid profiles have a noise level of about 7 mm in geoid height. The subsatellite basement topography was obtained from a recent compilation of structure contours on basement along the entire length of the Kane Fracture Zone. The ratio of geoid height to topography over the Kane Fracture Zone valley decreases from about 20–25 cm km-1 over young ocean crust to 5–0 cm km-1 over ocean crust older than 140 Ma. Both geoid and basement depth of profiles were projected perpendicular to the Kane Fracture Zone, resampled at equal intervals and then cross correlated. The cross correlation shows that the short-wavelength geoid height is well correlated with the basement topography. For 33 of the 37 examined pro-files, the horizontal mismatches are 10 km or less with an average mismatch of about 5 km. This correlation is quite good considering that the average width of the Kane Fracture Zone valley at median depth is 10–15 km. The remaining four profiles either cross the transverse ridge just east of the active Kane transform zone or overlie old crust of the M-anomaly sequence. The mismatch over the transverse ridge probably is related to a crustal density anomaly. The relatively poor correlation of geoid and basement depth in profiles of ocean crust older than 130–140 Ma reflects poor basement-depth control along subsatellite tracks.
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