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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-05-11
    Description: We develop a three-dimensional model of shear wave velocity and anisotropy for the Mexico subduction zone using Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion measurements. This region is characterized by both steep and flat subduction and a volcanic arc that appears to be oblique to the trench. We give a new interpretation of the volcanic arc obliqueness and the location of the Tzitzio gap in volcanism based on the subduction morphology. We employ the two-station method to measure Rayleigh phase velocity dispersion curves between periods of 16 s to 171 s. The results are then inverted to obtain azimuthally anisotropic phase velocity maps and to model 3-D variations in upper mantle velocity and anisotropy. Our maps reveal lateral variations in phase velocity at all periods, consistent with the presence of flat and steep subduction. We also find that the data are consistent with two layers of anisotropy beneath Mexico: a crustal layer, with the fast directions parallel to the North American absolute plate motion, and a deeper layer that includes the mantle lithosphere and the asthenosphere, with the fast direction interpreted in terms of toroidal mantle flow around the slab edges. Our combined azimuthal anisotropy and velocity model enables us to analyze the transition from flat to steep subduction and to determine whether the transition involves a tear resulting in a gap between segments or is a continuous deformation caused by a lithospheric flexure. Our anisotropy results favor a tear, which is also consistent with the geometry of the volcanic belt.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2011-03-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, Paul M -- Jackson, David D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 18;331(6023):1400. doi: 10.1126/science.1204861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-03-26
    Description: [1]  We evaluate the mechanisms of attenuation for the Middle America (MA) region in the range of 1.0 ≤  f  ≤ 15 Hz . Our analysis focuses on reconciling laboratory experiments, which suggest that in this frequency range intrinsic attenuation has a weak to zero frequency dependence, with results obtained using the Multiple Lapse Time Widow (MLTW) method. The MLTW method is designed to separate the contributions of scattering by heterogeneities and intrinsic attenuation from total attenuation assuming spherical geometrical spreading and isotropic scattering. Application of the MLTW method suggests that total attenuation in the MA region is concentrated towards the upper crust and is relatively constant throughout the region. It also shows a strong frequency dependence of the energy loss component of the attenuation (apparent intrinsic attenuation). We test the effect that forward and back scattering operators, distribution of the sources, and absorption of energy into the mantle has on the separation of the components of attenuation. We conclude that the inclusion of the frequency-dependent leakage of energy towards the mantle provides a mechanism to satisfy both laboratory experiments and estimates based on the MLTW method. For the Middle America region, we find that the intrinsic attenuation .
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2014-01-04
    Description: The phylogenetic branching order of the green algal groups that gave rise to land plants remains uncertain despite its fundamental importance to understanding plant evolution. Previous studies have demonstrated that land plants evolved from streptophyte algae, but different lineages of streptophytes have been suggested to be the sister group of land plants. To better understand the evolutionary history of land plants and to determine the potential effects of "long-branch attraction" in phylogenetic reconstruction, we analyzed a chloroplast genome data set including three new chloroplast genomes from streptophyte algae: Coleochaetae orbicularis (Coleochaetales), Nitella hookeri (Charales), and Spirogyra communis (Zygnematales). We further applied a site pattern sorting method together with site- and time-heterogeneous models to investigate the branching order among streptophytes and land plants. Our chloroplast phylogenomic analyses support previous hypotheses based on nuclear data in placing Zygnematales alone, or a clade consisting of Coleochaetales plus Zygnematales, as the closest living relatives of land plants.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 32 (1960), S. 285-287 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Ensembl Genomes ( http://www.ensemblgenomes.org ) is an integrating resource for genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species, complementing the resources for vertebrate genomics developed in the context of the Ensembl project ( http://www.ensembl.org ). Together, the two resources provide a consistent set of programmatic and interactive interfaces to a rich range of data including reference sequence, gene models, transcriptional data, genetic variation and comparative analysis. This paper provides an update to the previous publications about the resource, with a focus on recent developments. These include the development of new analyses and views to represent polyploid genomes (of which bread wheat is the primary exemplar); and the continued up-scaling of the resource, which now includes over 23 000 bacterial genomes, 400 fungal genomes and 100 protist genomes, in addition to 55 genomes from invertebrate metazoa and 39 genomes from plants. This dramatic increase in the number of included genomes is one part of a broader effort to automate the integration of archival data (genome sequence, but also associated RNA sequence data and variant calls) within the context of reference genomes and make it available through the Ensembl user interfaces.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-08-25
    Description: SKS arrivals from ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data from an offshore southern California deployment are analysed for shear wave splitting. The project involved 34 OBSs deployed for 12 months in a region extending up to 500 km west of the coastline into the oceanic Pacific plate. The measurement process consisted of removing the effects of anisotropy using a range of values for splitting fast directions and delay times to minimize energy along the transverse seismometer axis. Computed splitting parameters are unexpectedly similar to onland parameters, exhibiting WSW–ENE fast polarization directions and delays between 0.8 and 1.8 s, even for oceanic plate sites. This is the first SKS splitting study to extend across the entire boundary between the North America and Pacific plates, into the oceanic part of the Pacific plate. The splitting results show that the fast direction of anisotropy on the Pacific plate does not align with absolute plate motion (APM), and they extend the trend of anisotropy in southern California an additional 500 km west, well onto the oceanic Pacific plate. We model the finite strain and anisotropy within the asthenosphere associated with density–buoyancy driven mantle flow and the effects of APM. In the absence of plate motion effects, such buoyancy driven mantle flow would be NE-directed beneath the Pacific plate observations. The best-fit patterns of mantle flow are inferred from the tomography-based models that show primary influences from foundering higher-density zones associated with the history of subduction beneath North America. The new offshore SKS measurements, when combined with measurements onshore within the plate boundary zone, indicate that dramatic lateral variations in density-driven upper-mantle flow are required from offshore California into the plate boundary zone in California and western Basin and Range.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-06-27
    Description: Reactive multilayer foils have the potential to be used as local high intensity heat sources for a variety of applications. Most of the past research effort concerning these materials have focused on understanding the structure-property relationships of the foils that govern the energy released during a reaction. To improve the ability of researchers to more rapidly develop technologies based on reactive multilayer foils, a deeper and more predictive understanding of the relationship between the heat released from the foil and microstructural evolution in the neighboring materials is needed. This work describes the development of a numerical model for the purpose of predicting heat affected zone size in substrate materials. The model is experimentally validated using a commercially available Ni-Al multilayer foils and alloys from the Sn-Bi binary system. To accomplish this, phenomenological models for predicting the variation of physical properties (i.e., thermal conductivity, density, and heat capacity) with temperature and composition in the Sn-Bi system were utilized using literature data.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-09-25
    Description: Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves that penetrate conductive magma-filled dykes generate secondary fields on the surface that can be used to invert for dyke properties. The model used for the interpretation calculates currents induced in a conductive strip by an inducing field that decays exponentially with depth due to the conductivity of the surrounding medium. The differential equations are integrated to give an inhomogeneous Fredholm equation of the second kind with a kernel consisting of a modified Bessel function of the second kind. Numerical methods are typically used to solve for the induced currents in the strip. In this paper, we apply a modified Galerkin–Chebyshev method, which involves separating the kernel into source and field spectra and integrating the source terms to obtain a matrix equation for the unknown coefficients. The incident wave is expressed as a Chebyshev series. The modified Bessel function is separated into a logarithmic singularity and a non-singular remainder, both of which are expanded in complex Chebyshev polynomials. The Chebyshev coefficients for the remainder are evaluated using a fast Fourier transform, while the logarithmic term and incident field have analytic series. The deconvolution then involves a matrix inversion. The results depend on the ratio of strip-size to skin-depth. For infinite skin-depth and a singular conductivity distribution given by $\tau _0 a/\sqrt{a^2 - z^2 }$ (where 0 is the conductance, a is the half-length and z the distance from the centre), Parker gives an analytic solution. We present a similar analytic series solution for the finite skin-depth case, where the size to skin depth ratio is small. Results are presented for different ratios of size to skin depth that can be compared with numerical solutions. We compare full-space and half-space solutions. A fit of the model to VLF data taken above a magma filled dykes in Hawaii and Mt Etna demonstrates that while properties such as depth to top, conductivity ratio, tilt and dip can be determined, the depth to bottom is indeterminate due to the exponential decay of the inducing field.
    Keywords: Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-07-06
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
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