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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation dosimetry in polyethylene with silicon solar cells (1963)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: General Papers 1 (1963), S. 2145-2154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2951
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Irradiation dose rates and complete depth - dose curves in polyethylene have been directly determined with a silicon solar cell. In this manner, an average dose rate of 0.297 Mrad/sec. per incident μamp./cm.2 for 1 m.e.v. electrons in 120-mil thick Marlex polyethylene was measured. The corresponding dose rate ascertained by ferrous sulfate dosimetry is 0.260 Mrad/sec. This difference is in the expected direction and may arise from differences in backscatter between polyethylene and silicon. The facility of the solar cell measurement and the complete definition of irradiation dose as a function of absorber thickness commend the device for general application in irradiation dosimetry.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1963.100010633
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Biofilm effect on soil hydraulic properties: Experimental investigation using soil-grown real biofilm (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Understanding the influence of attached microbial biomass on water flow in variably saturated soils is crucial for many engineered flow systems. So far, the investigation of the effects of microbial biomass has been mainly limited to water-saturated systems. We have assessed the influence of biofilms on the soil hydraulic properties under variably-saturated conditions. A sandy soil was incubated with Pseudomonas Putida and the hydraulic properties of the incubated soil were determined by a combination of methods. Our results show a stronger soil water retention in the inoculated soil as compared to the control. The increase in volumetric water content reaches approximately 0.015 cm 3 cm −3 but is only moderately correlated with the carbon deficit, a proxy for biofilm quantity, and less with the cell viable counts. The presence of biofilm reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil by up to one order of magnitude. Under unsaturated conditions, the hydraulic conductivity was only reduced by a factor of four. This means that relative water conductance in biofilm-affected soils is higher compared to the clean soil at low water contents, and that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve of biofilm-affected soil cannot be predicted by simply scaling the saturated hydraulic conductivity. A flexible parameterization of the soil hydraulic functions accounting for capillary and non-capillary flow was needed to adequately describe the observed properties over the entire wetness range. More research is needed to address the exact flow mechanisms in biofilm-affected, unsaturated soil and how they are related to effective system properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Carbon-Temperature-Water change analysis for peanut production under climate change: A prototype for the AgMIP Coordinated Climate-Crop Modeling Project (C3MP) (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-01
    Description: Climate change is projected to push the limits of cropping systems and has the potential to disrupt the agricultural sector from local to global scales. This article introduces the Coordinated Climate-Crop Modeling Project (C3MP), an initiative of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) to engage a global network of crop modelers to explore the impacts of climate change via an investigation of crop responses to changes in carbon dioxide concentration ([CO 2 ]), temperature, and water. As a demonstration of the C3MP protocols and enabled analyses, we apply the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) CROPGRO-Peanut crop model for Henry County, Alabama, to evaluate responses to the range of plausible [CO 2 ], temperature changes, and precipitation changes projected by climate models out to the end of the 21 st century. These sensitivity tests are used to derive crop model emulators that estimate changes in mean yield and the coefficient of variation for seasonal yields across a broad range of climate conditions, reproducing mean yields from sensitivity test simulations with deviations of ~2% for rainfed conditions. We apply these statistical emulators to investigate how peanuts respond to projections from various global climate models, time periods, and emissions scenarios, finding a robust projection of modest (〈10%) median yield losses in the middle of the 21 st century accelerating to more severe (〉20%) losses and larger uncertainty at the end of the century under the more severe representative concentration pathway 8.5. This projection is not substantially altered by the selection of the AgMERRA global gridded climate dataset rather than the local historical observations, differences between the Third and Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5), or the use of the delta method of climate impacts analysis rather than the C3MP impacts response surface and emulator approach. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 4
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    Maintenance of redox state and pancreatic beta-cell function: Role of leptin and adiponectin (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-16
    Description: Whereas oxidative stress is linked to cellular damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also believed to be involved in the propagation of signaling pathways. Studies on the role of ROS in pancreatic beta-cell physiology, in contrast to pathophysiology, have not yet been reported. In this study we investigate the importance of maintaining cellular redox state on pancreatic beta-cell function and viability, and the effects of leptin and adiponectin on this balance. Experiments were conducted on RINm and MIN6 pancreatic beta-cells. Leptin (1–100 ng/ml) and adiponectin (1–100 nM) increased ROS accumulation, as was determined by DCFDA fluorescence. Using specific inhibitors, we found that the increase in ROS levels was mediated by NADPH oxidase (Nox), but not by AMP kinase (AMPK) or phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K). Leptin and adiponectin increased beta-cell number as detected by the XTT method, but did not affect apoptosis, indicating that the increased cell number results from increased proliferation. The adipokines-induced increase in viability is ROS dependent as this effect was abolished by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or PEG-catalase. In addition, insulin secretion was found to be regulated by alterations in redox state, but not by adipokines. Finally, the effects of the various treatments on activity and mRNA expression of several antioxidant enzymes were determined. Both leptin and adiponectin reduced mRNA levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD)1. Adiponectin also decreased SOD activity and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the presence of H 2 O 2 . The results of this study show that leptin and adiponectin, by inducing a physiological increase in ROS levels, may be positive regulators of beta-cell mass. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1966–1976, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Electronic ISSN: 0091-7419
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Multimodel ensembles of wheat growth: Many models are better than one (2014)
    Pierre Martre, Daniel Wallach, Senthold Asseng, Frank Ewert, James W. Jones, Reimund P. Rötter, Kenneth J. Boote, Alex C. Ruane, Peter J. Thorburn, Davide Cammarano, Jerry L. Hatfield, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Pramod k. Aggarwal, Carlos Angulo, Bruno Basso, Patrick Bertuzzi, Christian Biernath, Nadine Brisson, Andrew J. Challinor, Jordi Doltra, Sebastian Gayler, Richie Goldberg, Robert F. Grant, Lee Heng, Josh Hooker, Leslie A Hunt, Joachim Ingwersen, Roberto C Izaurralde, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Christoph Müller, Soora Naresh Kumar, Claas Nendel, Garry o'Leary, Jørgen E. Olesen, Tom M. Osborne, Taru Palosuo, Eckart Priesack, Dominique Ripoche, Mikhail A. Semenov, Iurii Shcherbak, Pasquale Steduto, Claudio O. Stöckle, Pierre Stratonovitch, Thilo Streck, Iwan Supit, Fulu Tao, Maria Travasso, Katharina Waha, Jeffrey W. White, Joost Wolf
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-21
    Description: Crop models of crop growth are increasingly used to quantify the impact of global changes due to climate or crop management. Therefore, accuracy of simulation results is a major concern. Studies with ensembles of crop models can give valuable information about model accuracy and uncertainty, but such studies are difficult to organize and have only recently begun. We report on the largest ensemble study to date, of 27 wheat models tested in four contrasting locations for their accuracy in simulating multiple crop growth and yield variables. The relative error averaged over models was 24-38% for the different end-of-season variables including grain yield (GY) and grain protein concentration (GPC). There was little relation between error of a model for GY or GPC and error for in-season variables. Thus, most models did not arrive at accurate simulations of GY and GPC by accurately simulating preceding growth dynamics. Ensemble simulations, taking either the mean (e-mean) or median (e-median) of simulated values, gave better estimates than any individual model when all variables were considered. Compared to individual models, e-median ranked first in simulating measured GY and third in GPC. The error of e-mean and e-median declined with an increasing number of ensemble members, with little decrease beyond 10 models. We conclude that multimodel ensembles can be used to create new estimators with improved accuracy and consistency in simulating growth dynamics. We argue that these results are applicable to other crop species, and hypothesize that they apply more generally to ecological system models. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
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  • 6
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    Autocrine/paracrine function of globular adiponectin: inhibition of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-11
    Description: Adiponectin is an adipose-derived hormone, with beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and inflammation. The aim of this study was to clarify the autocrine/paracrine effects of globular adiponectin (gAd) administrated during differentiation on the function of the mature adipocytes. Experiments were performed on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with gAd (10nM), starting at an early stage of differentiation. gAd treatment during differentiation was without effect on mRNA expression of adiponectin and AdipoR2, but increased AdipoR1 expression. PPARgamma, perillipin and FABP4 mRNA expressions were lower in gAd-treated adipocytes, accompanied by a reduction in lipid accumulation. While mRNA expression of HSL was not affected by gAd compared to untreated adipocytes, both ATGL and FAS were reduced, indicating that gAd regulates both lipolysis and lipogenesis. PPARα, ACOX2 and UCPs mRNA expressions were not affected by gAd, indicating that the reduction in lipid content is not attributed to an increase in fatty-acid oxidation. In accord with the lower PPARγ expression, there was reduced Glut4 mRNA expression; however, insulin-induced PKB phosphorylation was enhanced by gAd, and glucose uptake was not altered. To investigate the effect of gAd on LPS-induced inflammatory response, cells were treated with gAd either during differentiation or 24 hours before induction of inflammation in differentiated adipocytes. LPS induced inflammatory response, as indicated by increase in IL6 and MCP-1 mRNA expression. gAd given through differentiation was much more effective in abrogating LPS-dependent cytokines production than gAd given to the mature adipocyte. In conclusion, elevated gAd at differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells leads to reduced lipid content, reduced lipid metabolism and high resistance to inflammation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Electronic ISSN: 0091-7419
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    Modeling biofilm dynamics and hydraulic properties in variably saturated soils using a channel network model (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-15
    Description: Biofilm effects on water flow in unsaturated environments have largely been ignored in the past. However, intensive engineered systems that involve elevated organic loads such as wastewater irrigation, effluent recharge and bioremediation processes make understanding how biofilms affect flow highly important. In the current work we present a channel-network model that incorporates water flow, substrate transport and biofilm dynamics to simulate the alteration of soil hydraulic properties, namely water retention and conductivity. The change in hydraulic properties due to biofilm growth is not trivial and depends highly on the spatial distribution of the biofilm development. Our results indicate that the substrate mass transfer coefficient across the water-biofilm interface dominates the spatio-temporal distribution of biofilm. High mass transfer coefficients lead to uncontrolled biofilm growth close to the substrate source, resulting in preferential clogging of the soil. Low mass transfer coefficients, on the other hand, lead to a more uniform biofilm distribution. The first scenario leads to a dramatic reduction of the hydraulic conductivity with almost no change in water retention, whereas the second scenario has a smaller effect on conductivity but a larger influence on retention. The current modeling approach identifies key factors that still need to be studied and opens the way for simulation and optimization of processes involving significant biological activity in unsaturated soils.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Joining Scientists and Stakeholders in Regional Earth System Modeling (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-09
    Description: The 19th Conference of the Parties (COP19) to the United Nations Framework Committee on Climate Change concluded in November 2013 with limited progress toward reducing global emissions of greenhouse gases. However, while international negotiations on climate change have stalled, regional initiatives are quietly starting to play an important role in the fight to subvert catastrophic climate change. Examples include the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative to reduce emissions in the northeast United States and the ClimAct Regions Project, which aims to reduce greenhouse emissions in 60 regions and provinces of Europe.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    How do various maize crop models vary in their responses to climate change factors? (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-10
    Description: Potential consequences of climate change on crop production can be studied using mechanistic crop simulation models. While a broad variety of maize simulation models exist, it is not known whether different models diverge on grain yield responses to changes in climatic factors, or whether they agree in their general trends related to phenology, growth and yield. With the goal of analyzing the sensitivity of simulated yields to changes in temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO 2 ], we present the largest maize crop model inter-comparison to date, including 23 different models. These models were evaluated for four locations representing a wide range of maize production conditions in the world: Lusignan (France), Ames (USA), Rio Verde (Brazil) and Morogoro (Tanzania). While individual models differed considerably in absolute yield simulation at the four sites, an ensemble of a minimum number of models was able to simulate absolute yields accurately at the four sites even with low data for calibration, thus suggesting that using an ensemble of models has merit. Temperature increase had strong negative influence on modeled yield response of roughly -0.5 Mg.ha −1 per °C. Doubling [CO 2 ] from 360 to 720 μ mol mol −1 increased grain yield by 7.5% on average across models and the sites. That would therefore make temperature the main factor altering maize yields at the end of this Century. Furthermore, there was a large uncertainty in the yield response to [CO 2 ] among models. Model responses to temperature and [CO 2 ] did not differ whether models were simulated with low calibration information or, simulated with high level of calibration information. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Water Retention Curves of Biofilm‐Affected Soils using Xanthan as an Analogue (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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