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  • Articles  (14)
  • Cost  (7)
  • Agricultural Technology  (4)
  • Beverages  (4)
  • Oxford University Press  (14)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • De Gruyter
  • Institute of Physics
  • Society of Petroleum Engineers
  • Wiley
  • 2015-2019  (7)
  • 2010-2014  (7)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
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  • Economics  (14)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • Articles  (14)
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  • Oxford University Press  (14)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • De Gruyter
  • Institute of Physics
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  • 2015-2019  (7)
  • 2010-2014  (7)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
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    Intellectual property in plant breeding: comparing different levels and forms of protection (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-29
    Description: Welfare trade-offs between intellectual property (IP) protections provided by patents and by plant variety protection (PVP) are explored. PVP breeders’ exemption weakens IP protection, but may speed the transfer of research gains across firms. A model is developed assuming firms optimise research given existing IP protection. A baseline scenario supporting each system is used to perform welfare analysis, and study how the balance is altered between systems. Survey data suggest patents are more appropriate for longer-term, higher-risk research, whereas PVP is better suited for traditional breeding. A scenario where patents and licensing co-exist dominates PVP in all commercially relevant areas.
    Keywords: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O34 - Intellectual Property Rights, Q16 - R&D ; Agricultural Technology ; Agricultural Extension Services
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Bioenergy Supply and Environmental Impacts on Cropland: Insights from Multi-market Forecasts in a Great Lakes Subregional Bioeconomic Model (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-06
    Description: Using subregional models of crop production choices in central Wisconsin and southwest Michigan, we predict biomass production, land use, and environmental impacts with details that are unavailable from national scale models. When biomass prices are raised exogenously, we find that the subregional models overestimate the supply, the land use, and the beneficial environmental aspects of perennial biomass crops. Multi-market price feedbacks tied to realistic policy parameters predict high threshold absolute prices for biomass to enter production, resulting in intensified production of biomass from annual grain crops with damaging environmental impacts. Multi-market feedbacks also predict regional specialization in energy biomass production in areas with lower yields of food crops. Policies promoting biofuels will not necessarily generate environmental benefits in the absence of environmental regulations.
    Keywords: Q16 - R&D ; Agricultural Technology ; Agricultural Extension Services, Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources, Q50 - General
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    A Plant-Level, Spatial, Bioeconomic Model of Plant Disease Diffusion and Control: Grapevine Leafroll Disease (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Grapevine leafroll disease threatens the economic sustainability of the grape and wine industry in the United States and around the world. This viral disease reduces yield, delays fruit ripening, and affects wine quality. Although there is new information on the disease spatial-dynamic diffusion, little is known about profit-maximizing control strategies. Using cellular automata, we model the disease spatial-dynamic diffusion for individual plants in a vineyard, evaluate nonspatial and spatial control strategies, and rank them based on vineyard expected net present values. Nonspatial strategies consist of roguing and replacing symptomatic grapevines. In spatial strategies, symptomatic vines are rogued and replaced, and their nonsymptomatic neighbors are virus-tested, then rogued and replaced if the test is positive. Both nonspatial and spatial classes of strategies are formulated and examined with and without considering vine age. We find that spatial strategies targeting immediate neighbors of symptomatic vines dominate nonspatial strategies, increasing the vineyard expected net present value by 18% to 19% relative to the strategy of no disease control. We also find that age-structured disease control is preferred to non-age-structured control but only for nonspatial strategies. Sensitivity analyses show that disease eradication is possible if either the disease transmission rate or the virus undetectability period is substantially reduced.
    Keywords: C15 - Simulation Methods, C63 - Computational Techniques, D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Dynamics of productivity and technical efficiency in Russian agriculture (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-03
    Description: This paper analyses regional productivity and technical efficiency development in Russian agriculture. We formulate a regional stochastic frontier model by assuming that producers maximise return to the outlay. We control for regional heterogeneity and endogeneity/simultaneity in input decisions, technical efficiency and technical change by employing a two-step estimation procedure. In the first step, we use the system Generalized Method of Moments approach (system GMM), which gives consistent estimates of the production technology parameters. In the second step, we apply the standard stochastic frontier approach to estimate technical efficiency and its determinants.
    Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Long-run and Global R&D Funding Trajectories: The U.S. Farm Bill in a Changing Context (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-12
    Description: Domestically funded (and performed) research and development (R&D) has historically been a major source of productivity gains in U.S. agriculture, and a principal source of R&D spillovers to the rest of the world. In the waning decades of the 20th century, U.S. policymakers opted to ratchet down the rate of growth in public support for food and agricultural R&D. As the 21st century unfolds, slowing growth has given way to real cutbacks, reversing the accumulation of U.S.-sourced public R&D capital over most of the previous century and more. The 2014 Farm Bill did little to reverse these long-run research funding trajectories—politicians failed to heed the economic evidence about the still substantial social payoffs of that research and the consequent slowdown in U.S. agricultural productivity growth associated with the spending slowdown. Meanwhile, R&D spending by other countries has been moving in different directions. We present new evidence that today's middle-income countries—notably China, Brazil, and India— are not only growing in relative importance as producers of agricultural innovations through investments in public R&D, they are also gaining considerable ground in terms of their share of privately performed research of relevance for agriculture. The already substantive changes in global public and private R&D investment trajectories are accelerating. If history is any guide to the future, these changing R&D trajectories could have profound consequences for the competitiveness of U.S. agriculture in the decades ahead.
    Keywords: O38 - Government Policy, Q16 - R&D ; Agricultural Technology ; Agricultural Extension Services
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Managing Quantity, Quality, and Timing in Indian Cane Sugar Production: Ex Post Marketing Permits or Ex Ante Production Contracts? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: Private sugar processors in Andhra Pradesh, India use an unusual form of vertical coordination. They issue ‘permits’ to selected cane growers a few weeks before harvest. These permits specify the amount of cane to be delivered during a narrow time period. This article investigates why processors create uncertainty among farmers using ex post permits instead of ex ante production contracts. The theoretical model predicts that ex post permits are more profitable than ex ante contracts or the spot market under existing government regulations in the sugar sector, which include a binding price floor for cane and the designation of a reserve area for each processor wherein it has a legal monopsony for cane. The use of ex post permits creates competition among farmers to increase cane quality, which increases processor profits and farmer costs. Empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that farmers operating in private factory areas have higher unit production costs than do their counterparts who patronize cooperatives.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, L66 - Food ; Beverages ; Cosmetics ; Tobacco ; Wine and Spirits
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-698X
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Neural Activations Associated with Decision-time and Choice in a Milk Labeling Experiment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-13
    Description: The authors incorporate brain activation data in an analysis of decision time and choices for milk labeled as produced with growth hormone or cloning technologies, or labeled as conventional milk. Non-hypothetical choices and decision time are correlated with blood oxygenation level-dependent extractions in brain regions previously found to be involved in valuation. The significance of the activations related to price and production technology differs in models of decision time and choice. More areas influence the time it takes to make a decision. The final decision appears to be most correlated with localized areas in the medial prefrontal cortex, with a higher correlation when the choice is about growth hormones than cloning technology.
    Keywords: D87 - Neuroeconomics, Q16 - R&D ; Agricultural Technology ; Agricultural Extension Services
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Measurement and decomposition of flexibility of multi-output firms (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: Flexibility can be considered a crucial factor of competitive advantage, especially under conditions of dynamically changing environments. Based on the classical microeconomic definition, flexibility is characterised as a firm's ability to change output by sustaining its average costs. Using some recent concepts developed in production economics, this article proposes a primal flexibility measure for multi-product firms. When decomposed, this measure offers useful insights into possible sources of flexibility, especially by investigating the role of both scale and scope economies. This approach provides the theoretical basis for our investigation into the magnitude and sources of flexibility in the Polish agricultural sector.
    Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, I25 - Education and Economic Development, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Investment Age and Dynamic Productivity Growth in the Spanish Food Processing Industry (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-24
    Description: This article analyzes the relation between investment age, measured as the number of years since investment spike, and dynamic productivity growth and its components, which include dynamic technical change, dynamic inefficiency change, and dynamic scale inefficiency change. The empirical application focuses on firm-level data for the Spanish food processing industry covering the period from 1996 to 2011. This investigation of the impact of firms' investment decisions on productivity growth employs a dynamic production framework and analyzes the impact of these decisions on the components of dynamic productivity growth. Our findings show that dynamic productivity growth is negatively affected by investment spikes in both the meat processing and oils and fats industries, and that dynamic inefficiency change initially falls just after the infusion of large investment for oils and fats firms, but then grows as the firms acquire experience with this investment. We further find that investment spikes lead to improvements in dynamic technical change and worsening in dynamic technical inefficiency change in the meat processing industry, while dynamic scale inefficiency change was negatively impacted in both industries.
    Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing, L66 - Food ; Beverages ; Cosmetics ; Tobacco ; Wine and Spirits
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    U.S. Agricultural Productivity: A Review of USDA Economic Research Service Methods (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-10
    Description: The USDA Economic Research Service has emerged as an acknowledged intellectual leader in the construction and integration of national and state-level productivity accounts in agriculture. The national and state-level ERS productivity measures are widely referred to and used, and international sectoral comparisons rely on the ERS production accounts for foundation methodology in constructing agricultural productivity accounts in other countries. This leadership role has endured for many decades and accelerated in response to the AAEA-USDA Task Force review of the agricultural productivity accounts ( Gardner et al. 1980 ). It is against this backdrop of vigorous intellectual leadership that an external review committee has examined the data sources, methodology, ongoing research, documentation, and reporting of the ERS agricultural productivity accounts. Our recommendations are many and some are substantial. Two of the most important recommendations address overarching concerns of documentation and efficiency, two more consider website communication of methods and data, and four focus on the renewal and construction of the state-level accounts.
    Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, O30 - General
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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