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  • Springer  (437)
  • Elsevier  (45)
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  • 2015-2019  (330)
  • 2010-2014  (107)
  • 2000-2004  (14)
  • 1990-1994  (15)
  • 1985-1989  (13)
  • 1970-1974  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradability of blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with cellulose acetate esters in activated sludge (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) ; cellulose acetate esters ; biodegradation ; activated sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Blends of the bacterially produced polyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with cellulose acetate esters (CAE) further substituted with propionyl or butyryl groups (degree of substitution: 2.60 propionyl and 0.36 acetyl or 2.59 butyryl and 0.36 acetyl, respectively) were exposed for 4 months to activated sludge to determine their biodegradability. Samples of such blends made by solution-mixing and solvent-casting had complex morphologies in which both individual components as well as a miscible blend phase were present. Additionally, the two opposite surfaces of solvent-cast films showed both physical and chemical differences. After 2 months, samples of pure PHBV had degraded by more than 98% (15 mg/cm2 of surface area), whereas a pure CAE sample had degraded less than 1% (〈0.2 mg/cm2). Samples containing 25% CAE lost less than 40% of their initial weights (6 mg/cm2) over the total 4-month period. Samples with 50% CAE lost up to 16% weight (2 mg/cm2), whereas those containing 75% CAE lost only slightly more weight than corresponding sterile control samples (1 mg/cm2). NMR results confirm that weight loss from samples containing 25% CAE resulted only from degradation of PHBV and that the surface of samples became enriched in CAE. Solvent-cast film samples containing equal amounts of PHBV and CAE degraded preferentially on the surface which formed at the polymer-air interface. Scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed this surface to have a rougher texture and a greater PHBV content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02073486
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Storing of secretory material inside the perinuclear space (1972)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 28 (1972), S. 934-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Zellen des Subcommissuralorgans unbehandelter Wistar-Ratten und in neurosekretorischen Zellen NaCl-belasteter Teichmolche wurden voluminöse Erweiterungen der Perinuclearzisterne beobachtet, die beim Teichmolch zur Ausbildung grosser Vakuolen führen können. Perinuclearzisterne und Vakuolen enthalten ein feingranuläres, mässig elektronendichtes Material (proteinreiches Sekret). Es wird eine intranucleäre Synthese von Oligopeptiden oder Proteinen für möglich gehalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01924957
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of two Picea abies (L.) Karst. stands at different stages of decline (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Forest decline ; Carbohydrates ; Picea abies ; Growth ; Leaf area index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This is the first in a series of papers on the growth, photosynthetic rate, water and nutrient relations, root distribution and mycorrhizal frequency of two Norway spruce forests at different stages of decline. One of the stands was composed of green trees only while the other included trees ranging in appearance from full green crowns to thin crowns with yellow needles. In this paper we compare the growth and carbohydrate relations of the two stands and examine relationships among growth variables in ten plots. The declining stand produced 65 percent of the wood per ground area compared with the stand in which all trees were green because its foliage produced less wood at any level of leaf area index. The difference in foliage efficiency between the sites could not be explained by differeneces in climate, competition or stand structure. The declining stand appeared to have lower carbon gain as indicated by a smaller increase in reserve carbohydrates before bud break, and weaker sinks for carbohydrates as indicated by less use of the stored carbohydrates than the healthy stand. Thus, growth reduction was probably related to factors which affect both photosynthesis and, even more, the sinks for carbohydrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378810
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of two Picea abies (L.) Karst. stands at different stages of decline (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 77 (1988), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Forest decline ; Ectomycorrhizas ; Fine roots ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of root tips and apparent ectomycorrhizas was compared in the Fichtelgebirge (FRG) over one growing season in two 30-year-old Picea abies stands, both on soils derived from phyllite but showing varying symptoms of decline. Visual symptoms of tree decline reflected a lower relative and absolute mycorrhizal frequency, a lower number of ectomycorrhizas per m2 leaf area and an uneven vertical distribution of root tips and ectomycorrhizas. The number of apparent ectomycorrhizas per ground area was correlated with the amount of magnesium, calcium, and ammonium, and the pH in the free-drainage soil solution, and with the molar calcium to aluminium ratio in mineral soil extracts. The foliage concentrations of magnesium and calcium were correlated with the numbers of apparent ectomycorrhizas per m2 leaf or ground area. These observations were used to formulate testable hypotheses concerning the role of the root system and the soil environment in forest decline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380917
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of two Picea abies (L.) Karst. stands at different stages of decline (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 571-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378750
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of two Picea abies (L.) Karst. stands at different stages of decline (1988)
    Springer
    Oecologia 77 (1988), S. 151-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Forest decline, Spruce (Picea abies) ; Nitrogen ; Magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A declining Picea abies (L.) Karst. stand produced as much foliage and branches as a healthy stand but less stemwood at a similar leaf area index and climate. Nutrient analyses revealed that most biomass components at the declining site had lower concentrations of calcium and magnesium, but similar nitrogen and potassium (except for lower potassium in younger needles) and higher phosphorus, manganese and aluminum than the respective components at the healthy site. Comparison of these data with the results from studies on the nutrition and growth of P. abies seedlings (Ingestad 1959) led to the conclusion that the healthy stand is in a balanced nutritional state, while trees at the declining stand have only 56% of the foliar magnesium concentration required to permit growth at a rate which could be achieved at their nitrogen status. It appears that acidic deposition, which involves an input of nitrogen and a leaching of cations from the soil, causes an imbalance in the availability of nitrogen and magnesium. Growth is eventually reduced as magnesium becomes limiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379181
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of Mg fertilization on growth and mineral contents of fine roots in (Picea abies [karst] L.) stands at different stages of decline in NE-Bavaria (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 469-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effect of various Mg-fertilizers (MgSO4; calcined dolomite) on root growth and mineral composition of 40 yr old Norway spruce at different sites and stages of decline was studied. Two years after fertilization, density of living fine roots of Mg-deficient trees had significantly increased on fertilized compared to non-fertilized plots. Only fertilization of calcined dolomite appeared to induce new root formation in the upper mineral soil. No such changes were observed for healthy looking trees at a second experimental site, where base saturation of the bulk soil was also low but trees were sufficiently supplied with Mg. At the third experimental site where foliar analyses reflected a luxurious Ca and Mg but an insufficient K nutrition at high Mg and Ca saturation of the bulk soil, calcined dolomite caused an increase of root growth due to a reinforced antagonism between Ca and Mg competing with K uptake. In general, at the experimental sites the fine root necromass decreased when base saturation of the bulk soil increased. The elemental contents of fine roots from the mineral soil of all three sites under investigation indicated that fine root growth in the mineral soil is strongly related to the root Ca and Mg contents. Root Ca contents seemed to be mainly a function of the Ca availability in the soil. Since there was no close relationship between fine root growth and the Ca/AI molar ratio in living fine roots, Al toxicity may not completely account for the differences in root growth and nutrition on the experimental sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298687
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Element composition of leaves and wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) on SO2-polluted sites of the NE-Bavarian Mountain (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Element composition of leaves and wood from healthy and declining beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) growing on SO2-polluted sites in the NE-Bavarian Mountains was studied. The wood and foliar Mg contents was significantly lower for declining than for healthy beech. Within the period between 1956 and 1985 the Mg concentrations in year rings of moderately damaged (declining site) and healthy beech declined significantly. No such change was observed for severely damaged beech (declining site), indicating that the Mg supply of those trees had reached a minimum already before 1956. Symptoms of forest decline, however, appeared first in the late seventies and early eighties. It is assumed that the decrease of the Mg concentration in year rings of healthy and moderately declining trees during the past three decades was caused by increasing acid emissions. The significant increase of the wood S contents especially at the declining high elevation site confirms this assumption.The decrease of the wood Mg contents was paralleled by a decrease of the annual increments in diameter for healthy and declining beech, which started in 1972 and became accelerated in 1976. The reduction of growth in the early seventies at the high elevation site coincided with an elongation of chimneys at power stations and steel works and higher filtering of basic dust relative to acid emissions. In the extremely hot and dry summer 1976 drought and a drastical drop of soil pH due to an excess nitrification are supposed to have accelerated the declining of growth and Mg availability. We, therefore, believe that the long-term acid input and the accelerated soil internal H+ production due to an excess nitrification are mainly responsible for the sustained symptoms of forest decline in the NE-Bavarian Mountains during the late seventies and early eighties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298656
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of Mg fertilization on growth and mineral contents of fine roots in (Picea abies [Karst] L.) stands at different stages of decline in NE-Bavaria (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 469-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effect of various Mg-fertilizers (MgSO4; calcined dolomite) on root growth and mineral composition of 40 yr old Norway spruce at different sites and stages of decline was studied. Two years after fertilization, density of living fine roots of Mg-deficient trees had significantly increased on fertilized compared to non-fertilized plots. Only fertilization of calcined dolomite appeared to induce new root formation in the upper mineral soil. No such changes were observed for healthy looking trees at a second experimental site, where base saturation of the bulk soil was also low but trees were sufficiently supplied with Mg. At the third experimental site where foliar analyses reflected a luxurious Ca and Mg but an insufficient K nutrition at high Mg and Ca saturation of the bulk soil, calcined dolomite caused an increase of root growth due to a reinforced antagonism between Ca and Mg competing with K uptake. In general, at the experimental sites the fine root necromass decreased when base saturation of the bulk soil increased. The elemental contents of fine roots from the minenal soil of all three sites under investigation indicated that fine root growth in the mineral soil is strongly related to the root Ca and Mg contents. Root Ca contents seemed to be mainly a function of the Ca availability in the soil. Since there was no close relationship between fine root growth and the Ca/Al molar ratio in living fine roots, Al toxicity may not completely account for the differences in root growth and nutrition on the experimental sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385239
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of plasma membrane rosettes and kinetics of cellulose formation in xylem development of higher plants (1986)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 131 (1986), S. 142-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cellulose fibril formation ; Freeze-fracture ; Plasma membrane ; Rosette distribution ; Xylem development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Germ roots of several higher plants—maize (Zea mays), mung bean (Vigna radiata) and cress (Lepidium sativum)—were freeze-fractured without cryoprotection in order to confirm and extend the informations on frequency and distribution of plasma membrane particle complexes with respect to cellulose formation. In all three objects the PF of developing xylem elements showed rosette accumulations in the regions of wall thickenings. The rosette-distribution pattern ranges from random in a young stage, to more grouped in a probable intermediate stage to strictly localized in later stages. The frequency of rosettes increases from stage to stage. In all three objects the EF of developing xylem elements is relatively poor in particles. Observations of “terminal globules” were rare and undistinct. This leads to the assumption that rosettes on the PF and terminal globules on the EF are not part of the same complex. A comparison of the number and distribution of microtubules underlying the xylem wall thickenings with rosette frequency and distribution leads to the conclusion that there seem to be no direct connections between these two structures. Microtubules may be involved in grouping of rosettes, thus indirectly orienting microfibril deposition. Calculations based on the observed rosette frequencies and the amount of wall material formed indicate that in xylem development 1,000 nm elementary fibril per rosette per minute may be formed and that the active phase of one rosette may be about 10 minutes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01285036
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