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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (10)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1985-1989  (10)
  • 1
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    Models of the structure of the atmosphere of Venus from the surface to 100 kilometers altitude (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: From a critical comparison and synthesis of data from the four Pioneer Venus Probes, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, and the Venera 10, 12, and 13 landers, models of the lower and middle atmosphere of Venus are derived. The models are consistent with the data sets within the measurement uncertainties and established variability of the atmosphere. The models represent the observed variations of state properties with latitude, and preserve the observed static stability. The rationale and the approach used to derive the models are discussed, and the remaining uncertainties are estimated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 11, 1
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  • 2
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    Neptune's wind speeds obtained by tracking clouds in Voyager images (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Images of Neptune obtained by the narrow-angle camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft reveal large-scale cloud features that persist for several months or longer. The features' periods of rotation about the planetary axis range from 15.8 to 18.4 hours. The atmosphere equatorward of -53 deg rotates with periods longer than the 16.05-hour period deduced from Voyager's planetary radio astronomy experiment (presumably the planet's internal rotation period). The wind speeds computed with respect to this radio period range from 20 meters per second eastward to 325 meters per second westward. Thus, the cloud-top wind speeds are roughly the same for all the planets ranging from Venus to Neptune, even though the solar energy inputs to the atmospheres vary by a factor of 1000.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 245; 1367-136
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  • 3
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    Jupiter: New estimates of mean zonal flow at the cloud level (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In order to reexamine the magnitude differences of the Jovian atmosphere's jets, as determined by Voyager 1 and 2 images, a novel approach is used to ascertain the zonal mean east-west component of motion. This technique is based on digital pattern matching, and is applied on pairs of mapped images to yield a profile of the mean zonal component that reproduces the exact locations of the easterly and westerly jets between + and 60 deg latitude. Results were obtained for all of the Voyager 1 and 2 cylindrical mosaics; the correlation coefficient between Voyagers 1 and 2 in mean zonal flow between + and - 60 deg latitude, determined from violet filter mosaics, is 0.998.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Inst. for Space Studies The Jovian Atmospheres; p 124-128
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Observed cloud level circulation on Venus - Temporal variations and solar longitude dependence (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper presents data on the atmospheric circulation of Venus, obtained by the Mariner 10 (1974) and Pioneer (1979-1986) observations. The results yielded evidence of relatively stable zonal circulation at the cloud level. On the other hand, changes on a yearly time scale appear in both the zonal and the meridional components of motion. Solar thermal tides and large-scale planetary waves are also seen in averaged zonal and meridional cloud motions. The relationship between the large-scale circulation and global cloud structure is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 5
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    Atmospheric dynamics on Venus and Mars (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In this paper, recent information concerning the atmospheric dynamics of Venus and Mars is discussed. In the Venusian atmosphere, the Vega balloon results disclosed the presence of major vertical motions at the 53 km level and demonstrated the near zonality of the atmospheric circulation below the level of the clouds. Pioneer Orbiter observations indicated a continued vortex organization of the cloud level atmosphere in either hemisphere, centered over respective poles. In the case of the Martian atmospheric circulation, the observations are scant. Viking lander data and orbit images have been used to derive cloud motions and compare the measured winds with the predictions for surface conditions from general circulation models.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 12 1
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  • 6
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    Venus: Cloud level circulation during 1982 as determined from Pioneer cloud photopolarimeter images. II - Solar longitude dependent circulation (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Pioneer Venus Orbiter images obtained in 1982 indicate a marked solar-locked dependence of cloud level circulation in both averaged cloud motions and cloud layer UV reflectivity. An apparent relationship is noted between horizontal divergence and UV reflectivity: the highest reflectivities are associated with regions of convergence at high latitudes, while lower values are associated with equatorial latitude regions where the motions are divergent. In solar-locked coordinates, the rms deviation of normalized UV brightness is higher at 45-deg latitudes than in equatorial regions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 73; 212-226
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  • 7
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    Circulation of the atmosphere from the surface to 100 km (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A reference model of the atmospheric circulation on Venus based on available observations is presented. The reference atmosphere has the following main features: (1) the entire atmosphere below 85 km moves predominantly from east to west in the planet's reference system (in the same direction as the rotation of the solid planet itself) with the possible exception of the lowest 10 km where velocities are low, (2) a jet is present near the cloud-top level at 45 deg latitude in both hemispheres, with a magnitude of approximately 100 m/s, (3) a weak meridional (north-south component) flow directed towards either pole is superimposed on the zonal (east-west motion at cloud-top level (about 68 km) altitudes, and, (4) eddies or wave motions are present in the atmosphere, with amplitudes of less than 16/ms in the upper atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 11 1
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  • 8
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    Venus: Cloud level circulation during 1982 as determined from Pioneer cloud photopolarimeter images. I - Time and zonally averaged circulation (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Significant mean cloud level circulation changes since 1974, noted in 1982 Venus cloud motion observations, have been validated by independent measurements of cloud motions in nearly-identical sets of images; agreement is obtained not only for the average zonal and meridional components, but for the eddy circulation's meridional transport of momentum. In contrast to 1979 observations, the time latitudinal profile and the longitudinally-averaged zonal component of the cloud motions for 1982 exhibit jets near 45 deg latitude in both the northern and southern hemispheres.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 73; 193-211
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  • 9
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    Venus atmospheric circulation - Observations and implications of the thermal structure (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Thermal structure data obtained by Pioneer Venus (PV) were analyzed and used to make calculations concerning cyclostrophic circulation around Venus. These indicate a balanced zonal (east to west) circulation, with midlatitude jets of peak velocities in the 110-120 m/s range, located between 50 and 40 mb in each hemisphere of the planet near 45 deg latitude. The calculations indicate breakdown of the balance conditions near the upper and lower boundaries at low latitudes. A slight asymmetry in the balanced zonal circulation arises out of an asymmetry in the thermal field. The PV radio occultation data show evidence of a direct meridional circulation that may be important in sustaining the atmospheric circulation of Venus. The value of continuous radio occultation measurements is stressed for studying shortand long-term variations of the atmospheric circulation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 9 19
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  • 10
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    Jupiter - New estimates of the mean zonal flow at the cloud level (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: In order to reexamine the magnitude differences of the Jovian atmosphere's jets, as determined by Voyager 1 and 2 images, a novel approach is used to ascertain the zonal mean east-west component of motion. This technique is based on digital pattern matching, and is applied on pairs of mapped images to yield a profile of the mean zonal component that reproduces the exact locations of the easterly and westerly jets between + and - 60 deg latitude. Results have been obtained for all of the Voyager 1 and 2 cylindrical mosaics; the correlation coefficient between Voyagers 1 and 2 in mean zonal flow between + and - 60 deg latitude, determined from violet filter mosaics, is 0.998.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 65; 335-352
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