ALBERT

Description: The changes in the occurrence and intensity of precipitation have been widely observed around the world. However, exploring the causes of changes in precipitation remains challenging. To better explore the causes of precipitation changes, the evaporation sources of such precipitation were identified. The region from which evaporative sources contribute to precipitation in a sink region is called the precipitationshed. Based on the ERA5 reanalysis data, we identified the seasonal precipitationshed in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), one of the most densely urbanized regions in the world, using the Water Accounting Model-2layers (WAM-2layers). The precipitationshed in the PRD has larger variation in summer and autumn, and differences in the responses of different types of precipitation to the change in the precipitationshed were identified. In autumn, results show that light precipitation increases when the evaporation contribution from the south is enhanced while heavy precipitation increases when the evaporation contribution from the northeast is enhanced in the PRD. The precipitationshed is influenced by natural climate variability. The identified differences in the response of different types of precipitation to the change in the precipitationshed further help us to better understand the influence of natural climate variability on precipitation. The influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on different types of seasonal precipitation were investigated. For example, results show that more heavy precipitation is expected in the PRD in summer when the positive phase of IOD and the negative phase of ENSO occur simultaneously.

Description: Low-frequency oscillation plays a vital role in interpreting sea-level change and its acceleration. This presentation designed a novel objective analyzing scheme based on non-uniform time series processing methods and analyzed low-frequency sea-level change signals (〉10yr) on a global scale from tide gauge records. According to the frequency distribution and the average amplitude spectrum, a significant oscillation of about 60 years is verified to exist at many tide gauges. The spatial distribution of the signal's amplitude and phase was drawn and found to be in moderate agreement with the newly proposed theoretical formula. Through analysis of a great number of long-term geophysical time series, we support the conclusion that this 60yr oscillation is more likely from the Earth's internal motion than the sun and spread into global climate systems by angular momentum exchange.

Description: To characterize the growth of cord blood progenitor cells, single nonadherent, low-density, T-lymphocyte-depleted CD34 cells were sorted by flow cytometer with an autoclone device into single wells containing culture medium and cytokines. These cells were evaluated for proliferation and for replating ability of their progeny. This latter effect is used as a measure of self-renewal capacity. Colony formation was assessed in 1 degree wells containing various cytokines, alone and in combination, and single colonies deriving after 21 days in semisolid medium were replated into 2 degree wells in the presence of the combination of purified preparations of recombinant human steel factor (SF, a c-kit ligand), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and erythropoietin (Epo). Replating of single colonies was performed also for 3 degrees, 4 degrees, and 5 degrees cultures. In the presence of serum, colony formation was observed in 〉 66% of the wells stimulated with the combination of Epo, SF, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL-3, and more than 39% of the colonies formed in these 1 degree wells were very large in size (〉 2.5 mm in diameter, dense in the center, and containing 〉 10(4) cells/colony). The replating efficiency of these large colonies was up to 93% with generation of subsequent colonies of very large size. Replating could be shown for up to five generations. The cells in these colonies were large, nonspecific esterase positive, and contained large amounts of cytoplasm with one or more nuclei containing several nucleoli per nucleus. Smaller colonies (1 to 2.5 mm in diameter and dense in the center) containing similar cells and making up an additional 14% of the colonies formed in 1 degree wells also showed extensive replating capacity, including generation of larger colonies. These colony-forming cells are likely similar to the murine macrophage high-proliferative potential colony-forming cells. The cells giving rise to these colonies are present in about eightfold higher frequency in cord blood than in adult bone marrow. These cells may at least in part be associated with the successful hematopoietic repopulating capacity of umbilical cord blood cells.

Description: To characterize the growth of cord blood progenitor cells, single nonadherent, low-density, T-lymphocyte-depleted CD34 cells were sorted by flow cytometer with an autoclone device into single wells containing culture medium and cytokines. These cells were evaluated for proliferation and for replating ability of their progeny. This latter effect is used as a measure of self-renewal capacity. Colony formation was assessed in 1 degree wells containing various cytokines, alone and in combination, and single colonies deriving after 21 days in semisolid medium were replated into 2 degree wells in the presence of the combination of purified preparations of recombinant human steel factor (SF, a c-kit ligand), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and erythropoietin (Epo). Replating of single colonies was performed also for 3 degrees, 4 degrees, and 5 degrees cultures. In the presence of serum, colony formation was observed in 〉 66% of the wells stimulated with the combination of Epo, SF, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and IL-3, and more than 39% of the colonies formed in these 1 degree wells were very large in size (〉 2.5 mm in diameter, dense in the center, and containing 〉 10(4) cells/colony). The replating efficiency of these large colonies was up to 93% with generation of subsequent colonies of very large size. Replating could be shown for up to five generations. The cells in these colonies were large, nonspecific esterase positive, and contained large amounts of cytoplasm with one or more nuclei containing several nucleoli per nucleus. Smaller colonies (1 to 2.5 mm in diameter and dense in the center) containing similar cells and making up an additional 14% of the colonies formed in 1 degree wells also showed extensive replating capacity, including generation of larger colonies. These colony-forming cells are likely similar to the murine macrophage high-proliferative potential colony-forming cells. The cells giving rise to these colonies are present in about eightfold higher frequency in cord blood than in adult bone marrow. These cells may at least in part be associated with the successful hematopoietic repopulating capacity of umbilical cord blood cells.