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  • 1
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    A MHz X-ray diffraction set-up for dynamic compression experiments in the diamond anvil cell (2023)
    In:  Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: An experimental platform for dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) research has been developed at the High Energy Density (HED) Instrument at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (European XFEL). Advantage was taken of the high repetition rate of the European XFEL (up to 4.5 MHz) to collect pulse-resolved MHz X-ray diffraction data from samples as they are dynamically compressed at intermediate strain rates (≤103 s−1), where up to 352 diffraction images can be collected from a single pulse train. The set-up employs piezo-driven dDACs capable of compressing samples in ≥340 µs, compatible with the maximum length of the pulse train (550 µs). Results from rapid compression experiments on a wide range of sample systems with different X-ray scattering powers are presented. A maximum compression rate of 87 TPa s−1 was observed during the fast compression of Au, while a strain rate of ∼1100 s−1 was achieved during the rapid compression of N2 at 23 TPa s−1.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Dynamic optical spectroscopy and pyrometry of static targets under optical and x-ray laser heating at the European XFEL (2023)
    In:  Journal of Applied Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Experiments accessing extreme conditions at x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) involve rapidly evolving conditions of temperature. Here, we report time-resolved, direct measurements of temperature using spectral streaked optical pyrometry of x-ray and optical laser-heated states at the High Energy Density instrument of the European XFEL. This collection of typical experiments, coupled with numerical models, outlines the reliability, precision, and meaning of time dependent temperature measurements using optical emission at XFEL sources. Dynamic temperatures above 1500 K are measured continuously from spectrally- and temporally-resolved thermal emission at 450–850 nm, with time resolution down to 10–100 ns for 1–200 μs streak camera windows, using single shot and integrated modes. Targets include zero-pressure foils free-standing in air and in vacuo, and high-pressure samples compressed in diamond anvil cell multi-layer targets. Radiation sources used are 20-fs hard x-ray laser pulses at 17.8 keV, in single pulses or 2.26 MHz pulse trains of up to 30 pulses, and 250-ns infrared laser single pulses. A range of further possibilities for optical measurements of visible light in x-ray laser experiments using streak optical spectroscopy are also explored, including for the study of x-ray induced optical fluorescence, which often appears as background in thermal radiation measurements. We establish several scenarios where combined emissions from multiple sources are observed and discuss their interpretation. Challenges posed by using x-ray lasers as non-invasive probes of the sample state are addressed.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 48 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1997.tb00180.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Divalent Cation-Cyclodextrin Interactions at the Air-Water Interface. A Three-Stage Process (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 11 (1995), S. 13-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00001a004
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amphiphilic Monolayers of Insoluble Cyclodextrins at the Water/Air Interface. Surface Pressure and Surface Potential Studies (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 11 (1995), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00001a033
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First sphere coordination of divalent metal cations by cyclodextrin: structure of the β-cyclodextrin–calcium chloride–water (1/2/11.25) compound (1996)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 122-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the title compound provides the first illustration of direct coordination of a polyvalent cation, as well as an inorganic anion, by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Crystal data: P212121, Z = 4, a = 15.875 (1), b = 17.583 (1), c = 24.270 (2) Å, V = 6775 (1) Å3, R = 0.059 for 4744 unique observed reflections with I 〉 3σ(I). There are two CaCl2 per β-CD, with no direct contacts between the ions. None of the ions are included within the cyclodextrin cavity. The cations are in direct interaction simultaneously with two or three β-CD molecules and an eightfold coordination occurs for both. No disorder was found except for the two water molecules situated inside the cavity. The crystalline form is a novel monomer-type structure. The β-CD molecules are stacked as monomer entities inclined at 5̃0° along a twofold screw axis, such that they are arranged in a new herringbone-like scheme. The overall packing is stabilized by intermolecular interactions between cyclodextrin monomers and by direct coordination to the ions. Moreover, the cohesion is reinforced by hydrogen bonds involving water molecules arranged in infinite chain motifs traversing the whole structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108768195002321
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solubilities of the cyclodextrins in the presence of transition metal salts (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 26 (1996), S. 133-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Cyclodextrins ; solubility ; metal ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solubilities of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin have been measured in the presence of the first row transition metals: Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+; chlorides, nitrates and sulphates (in this case Fe2+), and, for companson, with CaCl2, the corresponding Group IIa salt. Where possible the measurements are reported as a function of the activity of the salts. In general, for the transition metals the sulphates all show a linear decrease in solubility with increasing salt activity: for the nitrates the solubility increases and then reaches a limiting value; and for the chlorides a small decrease in solubility is observed at low activity followed by an increase in solubility at higher salt activity. Circular dichroism measurements confirm that there is no direct complexation at non-basic pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01029938
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent effects in competition between guest molecules forβ-cyclodextrin (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 23 (1995), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Cyclodextrins ; inclusion ; terpene mixtures ; co-solvent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect was investigated of increasing concentrations of co-solvents ethanol, isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), formamide and ethylene glycol on the selectivity of inclusion for binary mixtures of the following guest molecules: pinene, eugenol, cineole, limonene and camphor, and of isopropanol for the ternary mixtures eugenol/cineole/pinene; and limonene/cineole/pinene. In contrast to the strong solvent dependent effects onβ-cyclodextrin solubility, the changes in selectivity are similar for each system, show little variation from solvent to solvent and are guest dependent. Similar guest induced effects are observed for ternary mixtures. They appear to be additive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00706945
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The AGP model for fermion systems (1997)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 63 (1997), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A mathematically rigorous treatment of the antisymmetrized geminal power (AGP) model is given. The model is advocated as an extremely flexible tool for studying a wide variety of fermion systems, characterized by a single Slater determinant, on the one hand, or Yang's most highly correlated wave function, on the other. When the first-order reduced density matrix of the actual system has eigenvalues which are evenly degenerate, the model can treat one-particle properties exactly. A formula is obtained for the precise energy of an AGP state in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. An estimate is given of the error which occurs when the second-order density matrix of an AGP state is approximated by the widely used expression involving the so-called anomalous Green's function. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pairon distributions and the spectra of reduced Hamiltonians (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 54 (1995), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reduction of the N-particle problem to the 2- and 1-particle problems is discussed, and the relation between the statistics of particles and the properties of the pairon distribution is studied. It turns out that not all levels of the pairon spectra can be occupied. A simple way of defining the pairon distribution is suggested. The spectra of the reduced Hamiltonian with power-law interaction potentials are analyzed. The bound states are calculated by the method of self-similar approximation, the accuracy of which is compared with and shown to be better than that of the quasi-classical approximation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560540404
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