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  • Annual Reviews
  • 2020-2024  (1)
  • 2000-2004  (391)
  • 1950-1954  (148)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPARATIVE GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF PLANT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 (2002), S. 169-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review deals with a comparative analysis of seven genome sequences from plant-associated bacteria. These are the genomes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Mesorhizobium loti, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri, Xylella fastidiosa, and Ralstonia solanacearum. Genome structure and the metabolism pathways available highlight the compromise between the genome size and lifestyle. Despite the recognized importance of the type III secretion system in controlling host compatibility, its presence is not universal in all necrogenic pathogens. Hemolysins, hemagglutinins, and some adhesins, previously reported only for mammalian pathogens, are present in most organisms discussed. Different numbers and combinations of cell wall degrading enzymes and genes to overcome the oxidative burst generally induced by the plant host are characterized in these genomes. A total of 19 genes not involved in housekeeping functions were found common to all these bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.030402.090559
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  • 2
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    COMPARATIVE GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF PLANT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA (2002)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  This review deals with a comparative analysis of seven genome sequences from plant-associated bacteria. These are the genomes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Mesorhizobium loti, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri, Xylella fastidiosa, and Ralstonia solanacearum. Genome structure and the metabolism pathways available highlight the compromise between the genome size and lifestyle. Despite the recognized importance of the type III secretion system in controlling host compatibility, its presence is not universal in all necrogenic pathogens. Hemolysins, hemagglutinins, and some adhesins, previously reported only for mammalian pathogens, are present in most organisms discussed. Different numbers and combinations of cell wall degrading enzymes and genes to overcome the oxidative burst generally induced by the plant host are characterized in these genomes. A total of 19 genes not involved in housekeeping functions were found common to all these bacteria.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2107
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of Clinical Trials (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 40 (2000), S. 209-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Computer simulation of clinical trials has evolved over the past two decades from a simple instructive game to "full" simulation models yielding pharmacologically sound, realistic trial outcomes. The need to make drug development more efficient and informative and the awareness that many industries make extensive use of simulation in product development have advanced considerably the use of simulation of clinical trials in pharmaceutical product development over the past decade. The structural and stochastic components of trial simulation models are explained as a prelude to a listing of representative simulation projects, reflecting investigative applications of statistical methods, trial design comparisons, and full simulation of new drugs being developed. Lessons learned from these projects are reviewed in the context of their current impact and potential for influencing the future of drug development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.40.1.209
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    Simulation of Clinical Trials (2000)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: Computer simulation of clinical trials has evolved over the past two decades from a simple instructive game to “full” simulation models yielding pharmacologically sound, realistic trial outcomes. The need to make drug development more efficient and informative and the awareness that many industries make extensive use of simulation in product development have advanced considerably the use of simulation of clinical trials in pharmaceutical product development over the past decade. The structural and stochastic components of trial simulation models are explained as a prelude to a listing of representative simulation projects, reflecting investigative applications of statistical methods, trial design comparisons, and full simulation of new drugs being developed. Lessons learned from these projects are reviewed in the context of their current impact and potential for influencing the future of drug development.
    Print ISSN: 0362-1642
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4304
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRIATED MUSCLE CYTOARCHITECTURE: An Intricate Web of Form and Function (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 18 (2002), S. 637-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Striated muscle is an intricate, efficient, and precise machine that contains complex interconnected cytoskeletal networks critical for its contractile activity. The individual units of the sarcomere, the basic contractile unit of myofibrils, include the thin, thick, titin, and nebulin filaments. These filament systems have been investigated intensely for some time, but the details of their functions, as well as how they are connected to other cytoskeletal elements, are just beginning to be elucidated. These investigations have advanced significantly in recent years through the identification of novel sarcomeric and sarcomeric-associated proteins and their subsequent functional analyses in model systems. Mutations in these cytoskeletal components account for a large percentage of human myopathies, and thus insight into the normal functions of these proteins has provided a much needed mechanistic understanding of these disorders. In this review, we highlight the components of striated muscle cytoarchitecture with respect to their interactions, dynamics, links to signaling pathways, and functions. The exciting conclusion is that the striated muscle cytoskeleton, an exquisitely tuned, dynamic molecular machine, is capable of responding to subtle changes in cellular physiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.18.012502.105840
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENERGETICS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE GENUS HOMO (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 31 (2002), S. 323-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Homo as represented by Homo ergaster (= early African Homo erectus) is characterized by a pattern of features that is more similar to modern humans than to the earlier and contemporaneous australopithecines and paranthropines. These features include larger relative brain sizes, larger bodies, slower rates of growth and maturation, dedicated bipedal locomotion, and smaller teeth and jaws. These features are phenotypic expressions of a very different lifestyle for the earliest members of the genus Homo. This paper considers the energetic correlates of the emergence of the genus Homo and suggests that there were three major changes in maintenance energy requirements. First, there was an absolute increase in energy requirements due to greater body size. Second, there was a shift in the relative requirements of the different organs, with increased energy diverted to brain metabolism at the expense of gut tissue, possibly mediated by changes in the proportion of weight comprised of fat. And third, there was a slower rate of childhood growth, offset by higher growth costs during infancy and adolescence. These changes, as well as energetic requirements of reproduction and bipedal locomotion, are considered in a discussion of one of the major transitions in adaptation in human evolution, the appearance of our own genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085403
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ATOMIC PARITY NONCONSERVATION AND NUCLEAR ANAPOLE MOMENTS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 51 (2001), S. 261-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0163-8998
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Anapole moments are parity-odd, time-reversal-even moments of the E1 projection of the electromagnetic current. Although it was recognized, soon after the discovery of parity violation in the weak interaction, that elementary particles and composite systems such as nuclei must have anapole moments, it proved difficult to isolate this weak radiative correction. The first successful measurement, an extraction of the nuclear anapole moment of 133Cs from the hyperfine dependence of the atomic parity violation, was obtained only recently. An important anapole moment bound in thallium also exists. We discuss these measurements and their significance as tests of the hadronic weak interaction, focusing on the mechanisms that operate within the nucleus to generate the anapole moment. The atomic results place new constraints on weak meson-nucleon couplings, constraints we compare to existing bounds from a variety of and nuclear tests of parity nonconservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.51.101701.132458
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EARLY DISPERSALS OF HOMO FROM AFRICA (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 33 (2004), S. 271-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The worldwide distribution of our species, Homo sapiens, has its roots in the early Pleistocene epoch. However, evidence has been sufficient only in the past decade to overcome the conventional wisdom that hominins had been restricted to Africa until about 800,000 years ago. Indeed, the idea that hominin dispersal was technologically mediated, and thus must correlate with changes in stone tool technology seen at the Olduwan/Acheulean transition, has proven to be a persuasive hypothesis despite persistent claims for an early Pleistocene hominin presence outside Africa. We review multiple recent lines of evidence that suggest hominin dispersals from Africa in the earliest Pleistocene, if not the latest Pliocene, correlated with the appearance of hominins typically referred to as Homo erectus (sensu lato) who carried with them an Oldowan tool technology. Changes in body plan and foraging strategy are likely to ultimately underlie these dispersals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144024
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    USE OF MULTILINE CULTIVARS AND CULTIVAR MIXTURES FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 (2002), S. 381-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The usefulness of mixtures (multiline cultivars and cultivar mixtures) for disease management has been well demonstrated for rusts and powdery mildews of small grain crops. Such mixtures are more useful under some epidemiological conditions than under others, and experimental methodology, especially problems of scale, may be crucial in evaluating the potential efficacy of mixtures on disease. There are now examples of mixtures providing both low and high degrees of disease control for a wide range of pathosystems, including crops with large plants, and pathogens that demonstrate low host specificity, or are splash dispersed, soilborne, or insect vectored. Though most analyses of pathogen evolution in mixtures consider static costs of virulence to be the main mechanism countering selection for pathogen complexity, many other potential mechanisms need to be investigated. Agronomic and marketing considerations must be carefully evaluated when implementing mixture approaches to crop management. Practical difficulties associated with mixtures have often been overestimated, however, and mixtures will likely play an increasingly important role as we develop more sustainable agricultural systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.011402.113723
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COPPER METALLIZATION FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SILICON TECHNOLOGY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 30 (2000), S. 229-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The increasingly rapid transition of the electronics industry to high-density, high-performance multifunctional microprocessor Si technology has precipitated migration to new materials alternatives that can satisfy stringent requirements. One of the recent innovations has been the substitution of copper for the standard aluminum-copper metal wiring in order to decrease resistance and tailor RC delay losses in the various hierarchies of the wiring network. This has been accomplished and the product shipped only since the fall of 1998, after more than a decade of intensive development. Critical fabrication innovations include the development of an electroplating process for the copper network, dual-damascence chem-mech polishing (CMP), and effective liner material for copper diffusion barrier and adhesion promotion. The present copper technology provides improved current-carrying capability by higher resistance to electromigration, no device contamination by copper migration, and the performance enhancement analytically predicted. This success of the shift to copper will accelerate the industry movement to finer features and more complex interconnect structures with sufficient device density and connectivity to integrate full systems on chips. The next innovation will be the introduction of low-dielectric constant material that, in combination with copper, will create added excitement as the industry learns how to utilize this new capability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.30.1.229
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