ALBERT

Description: The Mackenzie River is the seventh longest river in the world and with its tributaries drains a million sq. miles of northern Canada. Its drainage basin includes almost all of that portion of the District of Mackenzie lying south of the so-called “tree line”, two large sections of Yukon Territory and portions of the provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. When flying from Fort Smith, lat. 60° N., to Inuvik near the Arctic Ocean it seems to be an endless expanse of swamp and tundra with almost no possibilities for logging, either now or in the future. Closer inspection, however, shows that there are forested areas capable of supplying timbers suitable for lumber and heavy construction, as well as poles for piling and mining timbers. It is with these forests that this article is primarily concerned.

Description: The work reported in two previous papers, Robinson (1960a, b) led to certain conclusions which required evaluation in terms of coffee yields (Coffee arabica Linn). The work describes changes in nitrate and ammonia-N in the Kikuyu red loam coffee topsoil, both natural and fertilizer derived, in the presence and absence of mulches.This paper presents early coffee yield results which have been obtained from field trials laid down on the Coffee Research Station, Ruiru, Kenya, to measure the effect of treatments based on the conclusions drawn from the soil studies.

Description: 1. Evidence is presented to show that compared with an unmulched soil, a surface mulch reduces the nitrate-N levels significantly following an application of a nitrogen fertilizer during the rains.2. Natural nitrate-X values in the top-soil were lower under a gravel mulch than a Napier grass mulch. It is concluded that the effect of a Napier grass-mulch cover in lowering natural soil nitrogen-N is offset in part by nitrates formed from the nitrogen it contains.

Description: 1. The general seasonal trends of top-soil nitrate and ammonia-N, and growth of the coffee tree are described for conditions of both soil and climate which are representative of a large proportion of the coffee-producing area in Kenya.2. When rainfall is heavy and persistent at the beginning of a rains period soil nitrate-N levels decrease rapidly, partly because of leaching losses and partly through uptake by the crop. Under conditions of rainfall and cropping similar to those described for the first half of 1954, the flush of nitrate-N in the early part of the rains will not be detected under field conditions. When the onset of the rainfall season is more gentle and substantial water movement through the upper part of the soil profile does not take place, for example, Short Rains, 1954, nitrate-N values do not decrease rapidly and there is indirect evidence of the stimulatory effect of this type of rainfall on nitrate-N formation in a remoistened field soil.3. Rapid and substantial build-up of nitrate-N is shown to take place during intervening dry weather between the rainfall periods. This is particularly marked in the top 6 in. of the soil profile and is attributed to nitrate-N formation in the absence of leaching losses; to a decreased rate of uptake by the coffee tree in the absence of vigorous growth and to the physical movement of nitrate-N upwards into the top-soil.It may be inferred from the results that alternate periods of rain and sunshine, rather than continuous heavy rain, will favour high soil nitrate-N levels and a more satisfactory nitrogen nutrition of the coffee tree.4. During periods of very low soil moisture ammonia-N builds up in the dry top-soil.5. The sharp peak and rapid decline in the rate of coffee growth during the Long Rains period coincides with very low soil nitrate-N values although climatologically conditions for continued growth are still excellent. This suggests that low available soil nitrate -N may be at least partially responsible for this early and rapid decline in the growth rate.6. In the light of observed trends in nitrate-N and coffee growth the timing of fertilizer nitrogen application to mature coffee has been altered. During the Long Rains split applications are recommended with the particular object of maintaining a supply of readily available nitrate-N in the soil. An additional and supplementary fertilizer nitrogen application is also suggested in the Short Rains period.

Description: Inclusion in the diet of concentrations of vitamin E and selenium (Se) above requirement is associated with variable improvements in animal performance and immune function. At the cellular and molecular level, research in the last decade has produced a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying the multiple functions of vitamin E and Se and it is apparent that these functions extend beyond antioxidant protection. This paper reviews recent research relating to the functionality of vitamin E and Se in relation to the ewe and her lambs and attempts to relate this understanding to the whole animal level. Important aspects of this improved understanding are descriptions of three groups of seleno-proteins and the appreciation that there is a hierarchy in both the distribution of selenium between tissues and in the synthesis of different enzymes within tissues. In addition, there is diversity in the effects of vitamin E and Se derivatives on immune cell function. Given this heterogeneity in function it is not surprising that published responses for the production and health of ewes and lambs to supplementary vitamin E and selenium are variable and not always positive. Coupled with information on factors influencing variability in supply of vitamin E and Se from fresh and conserved forages and concentrate supplements, this review highlights the need for greater awareness of the importance of adequate supplementation of ewe and lamb diets with vitamin E and Se.