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  • 2020-2023  (52)
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  • 1
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    Evaluation of the ERA5 reanalysis-based Universal Thermal Climate Index on mortality data in Europe (2021)
    In:  Environmental Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Air temperature has been the most commonly used exposure metric in assessing relationships between thermal stress and mortality. Lack of the high-quality meteorological station data necessary to adequately characterize the thermal environment has been one of the main limitations for the use of more complex thermal indices. Global climate reanalyses may provide an ideal platform to overcome this limitation and define complex heat and cold stress conditions anywhere in the world. In this study, we explored the potential of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) based on ERA5 – the latest global climate reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) – as a health-related tool. Employing a novel ERA5-based thermal comfort dataset ERA5-HEAT, we investigated the relationships between the UTCI and daily mortality data in 21 cities across 9 European countries. We used distributed lag nonlinear models to assess exposure-response relationships between mortality and thermal conditions in individual cities. We then employed meta-regression models to pool the results for each city into four groups according to climate zone. To evaluate the performance of ERA5-based UTCI, we compared its effects on mortality with those for the station-based UTCI data. In order to assess the additional effect of the UTCI, the performance of ERA5-and station-based air temperature (T) was evaluated. Whilst generally similar heat- and cold-effects were observed for the ERA5-and station-based data in most locations, the important role of wind in the UTCI appeared in the results. The largest difference between any two datasets was found in the Southern European group of cities, where the relative risk of mortality at the 1st percentile of daily mean temperature distribution (1.29 and 1.30 according to the ERA5 vs station data, respectively) considerably exceeded the one for the daily mean UTCI (1.19 vs 1.22). These differences were mainly due to the effect of wind in the cold tail of the UTCI distribution. The comparison of exposure-response relationships between ERA5-and station-based data shows that ERA5-based UTCI may be a useful tool for definition of life-threatening thermal conditions in locations where high-quality station data are not available.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    Lagrangian Analysis of Moisture Sources of Precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: The moisture sources of precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains, one of the regions with the highest precipitation in Central Asia during 1979–2017 are comprehensively and quantitatively summarized by using a Lagrangian moisture source detection technique. Continental sources provide about 93.2% of the moisture for precipitation in the Tianshan Mountain, while moisture directly from the ocean is very limited, averaging only 6.8%. Central Asia plays a dominant role in providing moisture for all sub‐regions of the Tianshan Mountains. For the Western Tianshan, moisture from April to October comes mainly from Central Asia (41.4%), while moisture from November to March is derived primarily from Western Asia (45.7%). Nearly 13.0% of moisture to precipitation for Eastern Tianshan in summer originates from East and South Asia, and the Siberia region. There is a significant decreasing trend in the moisture contribution of local evaporation and Central Asia in the Eastern Tianshan during winter. The contribution of moisture from Europe to summer precipitation in the Central and Eastern Tianshan and the contribution of the North Atlantic Ocean to summer precipitation in the Northern, Central, and Eastern Tianshan also exhibit a decreasing trend. The largest increase in moisture in Western Tianshan stems from West Asia during extreme winter precipitation months. Europe is also an important contributor to extreme precipitation in the Northern Tianshan. The moisture from East and South Asia and Siberia during extreme precipitation months in both winter and summer is significantly enhanced in the Eastern Tianshan.
    Description: Key Points: Local evaporation and Central Asia play a leading role in providing moisture for all sub‐regions of the Tianshan Mountains. The largest moisture component during the months of extreme winter precipitation for Western Tianshan derives from western Asia. Moisture from East and South Asia and Siberia during extreme precipitation months is significantly enhanced in the Eastern Tianshan.
    Description: China Scholarship Council
    Description: Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin
    Description: https://zenodo.org/record/6451656#.YrrfbqhBwuU
    Keywords: ddc:551.6
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Multiple Angle Observations Would Benefit Visible Band Remote Sensing Using Night Lights (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: The spatial and angular emission patterns of artificial and natural light emitted, scattered, and reflected from the Earth at night are far more complex than those for scattered and reflected solar radiation during daytime. In this commentary, we use examples to show that there is additional information contained in the angular distribution of emitted light. We argue that this information could be used to improve existing remote sensing retrievals based on night lights, and in some cases could make entirely new remote sensing analyses possible. This work will be challenging, so we hope this article will encourage researchers and funding agencies to pursue further study of how multi‐angle views can be analyzed or acquired.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: When satellites take images of Earth, they usually do so from directly above (or as close to it as is reasonably possible). In this comment, we show that for studies that use imagery of Earth at night, it may be beneficial to take several images of the same area at different angles within a short period of time. For example, different types of lights shine in different directions (street lights usually shine down, while video advertisements shine sideways), and tall buildings can block the view of a street from some viewing angles. Additionally, since views from different directions pass through different amounts of air, imagery at multiple angles could be used to obtain information about Earth's atmosphere, and measure artificial and natural night sky brightness. The main point of the paper is to encourage researchers, funding agencies, and space agencies to think about what new possibilities could be achieved in the future with views of night lights at different angles.
    Description: Key Points: Remote sensing using the visible band at night is more complex than during the daytime, especially due to the variety of artificial lights. Views of night lights intentionally taken from multiple angles provide several advantages over near‐nadir or circumstantial view geometries. Night lights remote sensing would benefit from greater consideration of the role viewing geometry plays in the observed radiance.
    Description: EC H2020 H2020 Societal Challenges http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010676
    Description: Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: Slovak Research and Development Agency
    Description: Xunta de Galicia (Regional Government of Galicia) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010801
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104
    Description: University of Hong Kong http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003803
    Description: Fonds de recherche du Québec
    Description: EC Emprego, Assuntos Sociais e Inclusão European Social Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004895
    Description: Natural Environment Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270
    Description: City of Cologne, Germany
    Keywords: ddc:551.5
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Using the dendro-climatological signal of urban trees as a measure of urbanization and urban heat island (2022)
    In:  Urban Ecosystems
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-13
    Description: Using dendroclimatological techniques this study investigates whether inner city tree-ring width (TRW) chronologies from eight tree species (ash, beech, fir, larch, lime, sessile and pedunculate oak, and pine) are suitable to examine the urban heat island of Berlin, Germany. Climate-growth relationships were analyzed for 18 sites along a gradient of increasing urbanization covering Berlin and surrounding rural areas. As a proxy for defining urban heat island intensities at each site, we applied urbanization parameters such as building fraction, impervious surfaces, and green areas. The response of TRW to monthly and seasonal air temperature, precipitation, aridity, and daily air-temperature ranges were used to identify climate-growth relationships. Trees from urban sites were found to be more sensitive to climate compared to trees in the surrounding hinterland. Ring width of the deciduous species, especially ash, beech, and oak, showed a high sensitivity to summer heat and drought at urban locations (summer signal), whereas conifer species were found suitable for the analysis of the urban heat island in late winter and early spring (winter signal). The summer and winter signals were strongest in tree-ring chronologies when the urban heat island intensities were based on an area of about 200 m to 3000 m centered over the tree locations, and thus reflect the urban climate at the scale of city quarters. For the summer signal, the sensitivity of deciduous tree species to climate increased with urbanity. These results indicate that urban trees can be used for climate response analyses and open new pathways to trace the evolution of urban climate change and more specifically the urban heat island, both in time and space.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 5
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    Spiny and soft-rayed fin domains in acanthomorph fish are established through a BMP-gremlin-shh signaling network (2021)
    National Academy
    In:  PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118 (29). Art.Nr. e2101783118.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Significance: The “spiny fin,” comprising the anterior part of the dorsal and anal fins, is an evolutionary novelty that contributed to the success of the spiny-rayed fishes. This domain contains heavily ossified spines that serve as defense mechanism and differ from the posterior flexible soft rays. We show that the partitioning of the median fins into spines and soft rays is established through canonical developmental mechanisms responsible for the anterior–posterior patterning of appendages. Furthermore, the coloration of the anal fin in males appears to be genetically linked to soft-ray identity. Comparative analysis including nonacanthomorph fins indicates that the convergent evolution of fin spines across fishes likely involved the repeated exaptation of a deeply conserved developmental program from the anterior fin. Abstract: With over 18,000 species, the Acanthomorpha, or spiny-rayed fishes, form the largest and arguably most diverse radiation of vertebrates. One of the key novelties that contributed to their evolutionary success are the spiny rays in their fins that serve as a defense mechanism. We investigated the patterning mechanisms underlying the differentiation of median fin Anlagen into discrete spiny and soft-rayed domains during the ontogeny of the direct-developing cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Distinct transcription factor signatures characterize these two fin domains, whereby mutually exclusive expression of hoxa13a/b with alx4a/b and tbx2b marks the spine to soft-ray boundary. The soft-ray domain is established by BMP inhibition via gremlin1b, which synergizes in the posterior fin with shh secreted from a zone of polarizing activity. Modulation of BMP signaling by chemical inhibition or gremlin1b CRISPR/Cas9 knockout induces homeotic transformations of spines into soft rays and vice versa. The expression of spine and soft-ray genes in nonacanthomorph fins indicates that a combination of exaptation and posterior expansion of an ancestral developmental program for the anterior fin margin allowed the evolution of robustly individuated spiny and soft-rayed domains. We propose that a repeated exaptation of such pattern might underly the convergent evolution of anterior spiny-fin elements across fishes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    PAPER (OCEANREP)
  • 6
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    Cruise Report R/V Littorina, Cruise No. L11-01 (2020)
    Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel (CAU)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: 06.02.2022 – 17.02.2022 Port Calls: Kiel – Heligoland – Kiel Areas of Research: Marine Geophysics Institutes: Institute of Geoscience (CAU), Institute of Geography (CAU), AWI Sylt Projects: CDRmare sea4soCiety
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    DataLad: distributed system for joint management of code, data, and their relationship (2021)
    In:  Journal of Open Source Software
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: DataLad is a Python-based tool for the joint management of code, data, and their relationship,built on top of a versatile system for data logistics (git-annex) and the most popular distributedversion control system (Git). It adapts principles of open-source software development anddistribution to address the technical challenges of data management, data sharing, and digitalprovenance collection across the life cycle of digital objects. DataLad aims to make datamanagement as easy as managing code. It streamlines procedures to consume, publish, andupdate data, for data of any size or type, and to link them as precisely versioned, lightweightdependencies. DataLad helps to make science more reproducible and FAIR (Wilkinson et al.,2016). It can capture complete and actionable process provenance of data transformations toenable automatic re-computation. The DataLad project (datalad.org) delivers a completelyopen, pioneering platform for flexible decentralized research data management (RDM) (Hanke,Pestilli, et al., 2021). It features a Python and a command-line interface, an extensiblearchitecture, and does not depend on any centralized services but facilitates interoperabilitywith a plurality of existing tools and services. In order to maximize its utility and target audience, DataLad is available for all major operating systems, and can be integrated intoestablished workflows and environments with minimal friction.
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  • 8
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    Short term associations of ambient nitrogen dioxide with daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality: multilocation analysis in 398 cities (2021)
    In:  BMJ: British Medical Journal
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 9
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    Large potential for crop production adaptation depends on available future varieties (2021)
    In:  Global Change Biology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Climate change affects global agricultural production and threatens food security. Faster phenological development of crops due to climate warming is one of the main drivers for potential future yield reductions. To counter the effect of faster maturity, adapted varieties would require more heat units to regain the previous growing period length. In this study, we investigate the effects of variety adaptation on global caloric production under four different future climate change scenarios for maize, rice, soybean, and wheat. Thereby, we empirically identify areas that could require new varieties and areas where variety adaptation could be achieved by shifting existing varieties into new regions. The study uses an ensemble of seven global gridded crop models and five CMIP6 climate models. We found that 39% (SSP5-8.5) of global cropland could require new crop varieties to avoid yield loss from climate change by the end of the century. At low levels of warming (SSP1-2.6), 85% of currently cultivated land can draw from existing varieties to shift within an agro-ecological zone for adaptation. The assumptions on available varieties for adaptation have major impacts on the effectiveness of variety adaptation, which could more than half in SSP5-8.5. The results highlight that region-specific breeding efforts are required to allow for a successful adaptation to climate change.
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study (2021)
    In:  The Lancet Planetary Health
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Background Exposure to cold or hot temperatures is associated with premature deaths. We aimed to evaluate the global, regional, and national mortality burden associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures. Methods In this modelling study, we collected time-series data on mortality and ambient temperatures from 750 locations in 43 countries and five meta-predictors at a grid size of 0·5° × 0·5° across the globe. A three-stage analysis strategy was used. First, the temperature–mortality association was fitted for each location by use of a time-series regression. Second, a multivariate meta-regression model was built between location-specific estimates and meta-predictors. Finally, the grid-specific temperature–mortality association between 2000 and 2019 was predicted by use of the fitted meta-regression and the grid-specific meta-predictors. Excess deaths due to non-optimal temperatures, the ratio between annual excess deaths and all deaths of a year (the excess death ratio), and the death rate per 100 000 residents were then calculated for each grid across the world. Grids were divided according to regional groupings of the UN Statistics Division. Findings Globally, 5 083 173 deaths (95% empirical CI [eCI] 4 087 967–5 965 520) were associated with non-optimal temperatures per year, accounting for 9·43% (95% eCI 7·58–11·07) of all deaths (8·52% [6·19–10·47] were cold-related and 0·91% [0·56–1·36] were heat-related). There were 74 temperature-related excess deaths per 100 000 residents (95% eCI 60–87). The mortality burden varied geographically. Of all excess deaths, 2 617 322 (51·49%) occurred in Asia. Eastern Europe had the highest heat-related excess death rate and Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest cold-related excess death rate. From 2000–03 to 2016–19, the global cold-related excess death ratio changed by −0·51 percentage points (95% eCI −0·61 to −0·42) and the global heat-related excess death ratio increased by 0·21 percentage points (0·13–0·31), leading to a net reduction in the overall ratio. The largest decline in overall excess death ratio occurred in South-eastern Asia, whereas excess death ratio fluctuated in Southern Asia and Europe. Interpretation Non-optimal temperatures are associated with a substantial mortality burden, which varies spatiotemporally. Our findings will benefit international, national, and local communities in developing preparedness and prevention strategies to reduce weather-related impacts immediately and under climate change scenarios.
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