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  • Tidal dispersion  (2)
  • Estuarine mixing  (1)
  • Salt marsh  (1)
  • Thermal stratification  (1)
  • 2020-2023  (5)
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  • 1
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    Mechanisms of exchange flow in an estuary with a narrow, deep channel and wide, shallow shoals (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-21
    Description: Delaware Bay is a large estuary with a deep, relatively narrow channel and wide, shallow banks, providing a clear example of a “channel-shoal” estuary. This numerical modeling study addresses the exchange flow in this channel-shoal estuary, specifically to examine how the lateral geometry affects the strength and mechanisms of exchange flow. We find that the exchange flow is exclusively confined to the channel region during spring tides, when stratification is weak, and it broadens laterally over the shoals during the more stratified neap tides, but still occupies a small fraction of the total width of the estuary. Exchange flow is relatively weak during spring tides, resulting from oscillatory shear dispersion in the channel augmented by weak Eulerian exchange flow. During neap tides, stratification and shear increase markedly, resulting in a strong Eulerian residual shear flow, with a net exchange flow roughly 5 times that of the spring tide. During both spring and neap tides, lateral salinity gradients generated by differential advection at the edge of the channel drive a tidally oscillating cross-channel flow, which strongly influences the stratification, along-estuary salt balance and momentum balance. The lateral flow also causes the phase variation in salinity that results in oscillatory shear dispersion during both spring and neap tides and is a significant advective momentum source driving the residual circulation. Thus, although the shoals make a negligible direct contribution to the exchange flow, the salinity gradients between the channel and the shoal are critical to the stratification and exchange flow within the estuarine channel.
    Description: National Science Foundation (NSF): OCE-1325136; National Science Foundation (NSF): OCE-1634490; National Science Foundation (NSF): Jia-Lin Chen OCE-1736539
    Keywords: Estuarine circulation ; Tidal dispersion ; Lateral circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 2
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    Comparison of physical to numerical mixing with different tracer advection schemes in estuarine environments (2020)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kalra, T. S., Li, X., Warner, J. C., Geyer, W. R., & Wu, H. Comparison of physical to numerical mixing with different tracer advection schemes in estuarine environments. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(10), (2019): 338, doi: 10.3390/jmse7100338.
    Description: The numerical simulation of estuarine dynamics requires accurate prediction for the transport of tracers, such as temperature and salinity. During the simulation of these processes, all the numerical models introduce two kinds of tracer mixing: (1) by parameterizing the tracer eddy diffusivity through turbulence models leading to a source of physical mixing and (2) discretization of the tracer advection term that leads to numerical mixing. Physical and numerical mixing both vary with the choice of horizontal advection schemes, grid resolution, and time step. By simulating four idealized cases, this study compares the physical and numerical mixing for three different tracer advection schemes. Idealized domains only involving physical and numerical mixing are used to verify the implementation of mixing terms by equating them to total tracer variance. Among the three horizontal advection schemes, the scheme that causes the least numerical mixing while maintaining a sharp front also results in larger physical mixing. Instantaneous spatial comparison of mixing components shows that physical mixing is dominant in regions of large vertical gradients, while numerical mixing dominates at sharp fronts that contain large horizontal tracer gradients. In the case of estuaries, numerical mixing might locally dominate over physical mixing; however, the amount of volume integrated numerical mixing through the domain compared to integrated physical mixing remains relatively small for this particular modeling system.
    Description: This study was funded through the Coastal Model Applications and Field Measurements Project and the Cross-shore and Inlets Project, US Geological Survey Coastal Marine Hazards and Resources Program.
    Keywords: Physical mixing ; Numerical mixing ; Advection schemes ; Estuarine mixing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Mechanisms of exchange flow in an estuary with a narrow, deep channel and wide, shallow shoals (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geyer, W. R., Ralston, D. K., & Chen, J. Mechanisms of exchange flow in an estuary with a narrow, deep channel and wide, shallow shoals. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(12), (2020): e2020JC016092, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016092.
    Description: Delaware Bay is a large estuary with a deep, relatively narrow channel and wide, shallow banks, providing a clear example of a “channel‐shoal” estuary. This numerical modeling study addresses the exchange flow in this channel‐shoal estuary, specifically to examine how the lateral geometry affects the strength and mechanisms of exchange flow. We find that the exchange flow is exclusively confined to the channel region during spring tides, when stratification is weak, and it broadens laterally over the shoals during the more stratified neap tides but still occupies a small fraction of the total width of the estuary. Exchange flow is relatively weak during spring tides, resulting from oscillatory shear dispersion in the channel augmented by weak Eulerian exchange flow. During neap tides, stratification and shear increase markedly, resulting in a strong Eulerian residual shear flow driven mainly by the along‐estuary density gradient, with a net exchange flow roughly 5 times that of the spring tide. During both spring and neap tides, lateral salinity gradients generated by differential advection at the edge of the channel drive a tidally oscillating cross‐channel flow, which strongly influences the stratification, along‐estuary salt balance, and momentum balance. The lateral flow also causes the phase variation in salinity that results in oscillatory shear dispersion and is an advective momentum source contributing to the residual circulation. Whereas the shoals make a negligible direct contribution to the exchange flow, they have an indirect influence due to the salinity gradients between the channel and the shoal.
    Description: The ideas in this paper were influenced by discussions with Robert Chant. Funding was provided by National Science Foundation grants OCE‐1325136, OCE‐1634490, and OCE‐1736539.
    Description: 2021-04-29
    Keywords: Estuarine circulation ; Tidal dispersion ; Lateral circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Sources, mechanisms, and timescales of sediment delivery to a New England salt marsh (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Baranes, H., Woodruff, J., Geyer, W., Yellen, B., Richardson, J. & Griswold, F. Sources, mechanisms, and timescales of sediment delivery to a New England salt marsh. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 127, (2022): e2021JF006478, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006478.
    Description: he availability and delivery of an external clastic sediment source is a key factor in determining salt marsh resilience to future sea level rise. However, information on sources, mechanisms, and timescales of sediment delivery are lacking, particularly for wave-protected mesotidal estuaries. Here we show that marine sediment mobilized and delivered during coastal storms is a primary source to the North and South Rivers, a mesotidal bar-built estuary in a small river system impacted by frequent, moderate-intensity storms that is typical to New England (United States). On the marsh platform, deposition rates, clastic content, and dilution of fluvially-sourced contaminated sediment by marine material all increase down-estuary toward the inlet, consistent with a predominantly marine-derived sediment source. Marsh clastic deposition rates are also highest in the storm season. We observe that periods of elevated turbidity in channels and over the marsh are concurrent with storm surge and high wave activity offshore, rather than with high river discharge. Flood tide turbidity also exceeds ebb tide turbidity during storm events. Timescales of storm-driven marine sediment delivery range from 2.5 days to 2 weeks, depending on location within the estuary; therefore the phasing of storm surge and waves with the spring-neap cycle determines how effectively post-event suspended sediment is delivered to the marsh platform. This study reveals that sediment supply and the associated resilience of New England mesotidal salt marshes involves the interplay of coastal and estuarine processes, underscoring the importance of looking both up- and downstream to identify key drivers of environmental change.
    Description: The project described in this publication was in part supported by Grant or Cooperative Agreement No. G20AC00071 from the U.S. Geological Survey and a Department of Interior Northeast Climate Adaptation Science Center graduate fellowship awarded to H.E.B (G12AC00001).
    Keywords: Salt marsh ; Sediment ; Estuary ; Tides ; Massachusetts
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Southern Cape Cod Bay hypoxia data (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-14
    Description: This project investigated the distribution of low dissolved oxygen bottom waters (hypoxia) in southern Cape Cod Bay. Hypoxia was documented for the first time in late summer 2019 and 2020 despite extensive monitoring for the past decade. The data include: 1) measurements of bottom dissolved oxygen collected in 2019 by the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries (MDMF) and the Center for Coastal Studies (CCS) ; 2) full water column profiles of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, dissolved oxygen concentration and optical backscatter collected in late summer 2020 by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI); 3) monthly water quality data including CTD with dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll fluorescence and discrete bottom samples analyzed for dissolved nutrients collected by the CCS for the period 2011-2020; 4) inorganic nutrients from discrete surface and bottom samples collected monthly for the period 2006-2020; 5) bottom temperature data collected the Wreck of Mars location by the MDMF over the period 1991-2021. There are four separate data sets included: 1) MDMF and CCS bottom dissolved oxygn from 2019; 2) CTD and ancillary data collected by WHOI in 2019; 3) CCS monthly survey data from 2011-2020; and 4) bottom temperature data collected by MDMF for 1991-2021. 1) MDMF/CCS dissolved oxygen data was collected from ship-based surveys using an YSI 6920 V2-2 data sonde; 2) WHOI CTD data was collected from vertical casts made from a small research vessel using an RBR CTD; 3) CCS CTD data was collected from vertical casts made from a small research vessel using a SeaBird Electronics CTD; 4) MDMF temperature data was collected from a bottom mounted temperature logger. Related Publications: Scully, M.E., W.R. Geyer, D. Borkman, T.L. Pouch, A. Costa, and O.C. Nichols, in press. Unprecedented summer hypoxia in southern Cape Cod Bay: An ecological response to regional climate change? Biogeosciences.
    Description: National Science Foundation - OCE- 2053240 NOAA Seagrant - NA20OAR4170506
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; Harmful Algal Blooms ; Climate Change ; Thermal stratification
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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