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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(8), (2020): e2020JC016197, doi:10.1029/2020JC016197.
    Description: Synoptic shipboard measurements, together with historical hydrographic data and satellite data, are used to elucidate the detailed structure of the Atlantic Water (AW) boundary current system in the southern Canada Basin and its connection to the upstream source of AW in the Chukchi Borderland. Nine high‐resolution occupations of a transect extending from the Beaufort shelf to the deep basin near 152°W, taken between 2003 and 2018, reveal that there are two branches of the AW boundary current that flow beneath and counter to the Beaufort Gyre. Each branch corresponds to a warm temperature core and transports comparable amounts of Fram Strait Branch Water between roughly 200–700 m depth, although they are characterized by a different temperature/salinity (T/S) structure. The mean volume flux of the combined branches is 0.87 ± 0.13 Sv. Using the historical hydrographic data, the two branches are tracked upstream by their temperature cores and T/S signatures. This sheds new light on how the AW negotiates the Chukchi Borderland and why two branches emerge from this region. Lastly, the propagation of warm temperature anomalies through the region is quantified and shown to be consistent with the deduced circulation scheme.
    Description: This work was funded by the following sources: National Science Foundation Grants PLR‐1504333, OPP‐1733564, and OPP‐1504394; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA14OAR4320158; and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NNX10AF42G.
    Description: 2021-01-27
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126(5), (2021): e2020JC017091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017091.
    Description: A region of exceptionally high macrofaunal benthic biomass exists in Barrow Canyon, implying a carbon export process that is locally concentrated. Here we offer an explanation for this benthic “hotspot” using shipboard data together with a set of dynamical equations. Repeat occupations of the Distributed Biological Observatory transect in Barrow Canyon reveal that when the northward flow is strong and the density front in the canyon is sharp, plumes of fluorescence and oxygen extend from the pycnocline to the seafloor in the vicinity of the hotspot. By solving the quasi-geostrophic omega equation with an analytical flow field fashioned after the observations, we diagnose the vertical velocity in the canyon. This reveals that, as the along stream flow converges into the canyon, it drives a secondary circulation cell with strong downwelling on the cyclonic side of the northward flow. The downwelling quickly advects material from the pycnocline to the seafloor in a vertical plume analogous to those seen in the observations. The plume occurs only when the phytoplankton reside in the pycnocline, since the near-surface vertical velocity is weak, also consistent with the observations. Using a wind-based proxy to represent the strength of the northward flow and hence the pumping, in conjunction with a satellite-derived phytoplankton source function, we construct a time series of carbon supply to the bottom of Barrow Canyon.
    Description: This work was funded by National Science Foundation grants PLR-1504333 and OPP-1733564 (Robert S. Pickart, Frank Bahr), OPP-1822334 (Michael A. Spall), PLR-1304563 (Kevin R. Arrigo), OPP-1204082 and OPP-1702456 (Jacqueline M. Grebmeier); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration grants NA14OAR4320158 and NA19OAR4320074 (Robert S. Pickart, Peigen Lin, Leah T. McRaven), CINAR-22309.02 (Jacqueline M. Grebmeier).
    Keywords: Barrow Canyon ; Benthic fauna ; Chukchi Sea ; Dynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(1), (2022): e2021JC017424, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017424.
    Description: By compiling boreal summer (June to October) CO2 measurements from 1989 to 2019 on the Bering and eastern Chukchi Sea shelves, we find that the study areas act as a CO2 sink except when impacted by river runoff and wind-driven upwelling. The CO2 system in this area is seasonally dominated by the biological pump especially in the northern Bering Sea and near Hanna Shoal, while wind-driven upwelling of CO2-rich bottom water can cause episodic outgassing. Seasonal surface ΔfCO2 (oceanic fCO2 – air fCO2) is dominantly driven by temperature only during periods of weak CO2 outgassing in shallow nearshore areas. However, after comparing the mean summer ΔfCO2 during the periods of 1989–2013 and 2014–2019, we suggest that temperature does drive long-term, multi-decadal patterns in ΔfCO2. In the northern Chukchi Sea, rapid warming concurrent with reduced seasonal sea-ice persistence caused the regional summer CO2 sink to decrease. By contrast, increasing primary productivity caused the regional summer CO2 sink on the Bering Sea shelf to increase over time. While additional time series are needed to confirm the seasonal and annual trajectory of CO2 changes and ocean acidification in these dynamic and spatially complex ecosystems, this study provides a meaningful mechanistic analysis of recent changes in inorganic carbonate chemistry. As high-resolution time series of inorganic carbonate parameters lengthen and short-term variations are better constrained in the coming decades, we will have stronger confidence in assessing the mechanisms contributing to long-term changes in the source/sink status of regional sub-Arctic seas.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the funding agencies that supported this analysis, including the New Sustained Observations for Arctic Research project and the DBO-NCIS project (NA14OAR4320158, NA19OAR4320074) from the NOAA Arctic Research Program.
    Description: 2022-06-17
    Keywords: Pacific Arctic region ; Sea-air CO2 flux ; Ocean acidification ; Climate change ; Sea-ice loss ; Surface ocean CO2 Atlas
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 124 (2019): 7201-7225, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015520.
    Description: The oceanographic response and atmospheric forcing associated with downwelling along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea shelf/slope is described using mooring data collected from August 2002 to September 2004, along with meteorological time series, satellite data, and reanalysis fields. In total, 55 downwelling events are identified with peak occurrence in July and August. Downwelling is initiated by cyclonic low‐pressure systems displacing the Beaufort High and driving westerly winds over the region. The shelfbreak jet responds by accelerating to the east, followed by a depression of isopycnals along the outer shelf and slope. The storms last 3.25 ± 1.80 days, at which point conditions relax toward their mean state. To determine the effect of sea ice on the oceanographic response, the storms are classified into four ice seasons: open water, partial ice, full ice, and fast ice (immobile). For a given wind strength, the largest response occurs during partial ice cover, while the most subdued response occurs in the fast ice season. Over the two‐year study period, the winds were strongest during the open water season; thus, the shelfbreak jet intensified the most during this period and the cross‐stream Ekman flow was largest. During downwelling, the cold water fluxed off the shelf ventilates the upper halocline of the Canada Basin. The storms approach the Beaufort Sea along three distinct pathways: a northerly route from the high Arctic, a westerly route from northern Siberia, and a southerly route from south of Bering Strait. Differences in the vertical structure of the storms are presented as well.
    Description: The authors thank Paula Fratantoni and Dan Torres for processing the moored profiler and ADCP data, respectively. Data from the SBI mooring array can be found at https://archive.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/all_data.shtml. Funding for the analysis was provided by the following grants: National Science Foundation Grants OCE‐1259618 (N. F. and R. P.), OCE‐1756361 (N. F.), and PLR‐1504333 (N. F. and R. P.); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA14‐OAR4320158 (R. P. and P. L.); and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (K. M.).
    Description: 2020-04-16
    Keywords: Downwelling ; Beaufort Sea ; Shelfbreak ; North Slope ; Arctic cyclone
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scott, R. M., Pickart, R. S., Lin, P., Muenchow, A., Li, M., Stockwell, D. A., & Brearley, J. A. Three-dimensional structure of a cold-core Arctic eddy interacting with the Chukchi slope current. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, (2019): 8375-8391, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015523.
    Description: A rapid, high‐resolution shipboard survey, using a combination of lowered and expendable hydrographic measurements and vessel‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler data, provided a unique three‐dimensional view of an Arctic anti‐cyclonic cold‐core eddy. The eddy was situated 50‐km seaward of the Chukchi Sea shelfbreak over the 1,000 m isobath, embedded in the offshore side of the Chukchi slope current. The eddy core, centered near 150‐m depth, consisted of newly ventilated Pacific winter water which was high in nitrate and dissolved oxygen. Its fluorescence signal was due to phaeopigments rather than chlorophyll, indicating that photosynthesis was no longer active, consistent with an eddy age on the order of months. Subtracting out the slope current signal demonstrated that the eddy velocity field was symmetrical with a peak azimuthal speed of order 10 cm s−1. Its Rossby number was ~0.4, consistent with the fact that the measured cyclogeostrophic velocity was dominated by the geostrophic component. Different scenarios are discussed regarding how the eddy became embedded in the slope current, and what the associated ramifications are with respect to eddy spin‐down and ventilation of the Canada Basin halocline.
    Description: The authors are indebted to the crew of the USCGC Healy for making the eddy survey possible. Funding for the study was provided by the following sources: National Science Foundation Grants OPP‐1702371, OPP‐1733564, and PLR‐1303617 (RS, RP); OPP‐ 0125466 (DS); and OPP‐1604076 (AM). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA14‐OAR4320158 (PL); National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants 41706025 and 41506018 (ML); Natural Environmental Research Council Grant NE/L011166/1 (AB). RS acknowledges the Challenger Society for helping facilitate the collaboration that resulted in this work. The data used in the study can be found at http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/sbi/all_data.shtml.
    Keywords: Three-dimensional ; Cold-core Arctic eddy ; Chuckchi Slope Current ; Newly ventilated Pacific water ; Anti-cyclonic
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Almansi, M., Haine, T. W. N., Gelderloos, R., & Pickart, R. S. Evolution of Denmark Strait overflow cyclones and their relationship to overflow surges. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(4), (2020): e2019GL086759, doi:10.1029/2019GL086759.
    Description: Mesoscale features present at the Denmark Strait sill regularly enhance the volume transport of the Denmark Strait overflow (DSO). They are important for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and ultimately, for the global climate system. Using a realistic numerical model, we find new evidence of the causal relationship between overflow surges (i.e., mesoscale features associated with high‐transport events) and DSO cyclones observed downstream. Most of the cyclones form at the Denmark Strait sill during overflow surges and, because of potential vorticity conservation and stretching of the water column, grow as they move equatorward. A fraction of the cyclones form downstream of the sill, when anticyclonic vortices formed during high‐transport events start collapsing. Regardless of their formation mechanism, DSO cyclones weaken starting roughly 150 km downstream of the sill, and potential vorticity is only materially conserved during the growth phase.
    Description: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE‐1433448, OCE‐1633124, OCE‐1756361, and OCE‐1756863. The numerical model was run on the Maryland Advanced Research Computing Center (MARCC). Marcello Magaldi helped to configure the model. OceanSpy and several packages from the Pangeo software ecosystem have been used to postprocess the model output. The numerical solutions are publicly available on SciServer (http://sciserver.org), which is developed and administered by the Institute for Data Intensive Engineering and Science at Johns Hopkins University. Instructions for accessing the data set are available at this site (https://oceanspy.readthedocs.io). Two anonymous reviewers helped to improve the content of this manuscript.
    Keywords: Denmark Strait overflow ; DSO cyclones ; Boluses ; Pulses
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 124 (2019): 7153– 7177, doi: 10.1029/2019JC015261.
    Description: Data from a late spring survey of the northeast Chukchi Sea are used to investigate various aspects of newly ventilated winter water (NVWW). More than 96% of the water sampled on the shelf was NVWW, the saltiest (densest) of which tended to be in the main flow pathways on the shelf. Nearly all of the hydrographic profiles on the shelf displayed a two‐layer structure, with a surface mixed layer and bottom boundary layer separated by a weak density interface (on the order of 0.02 kg/m3). Using a polynya model to drive a one‐dimensional mixing model, it was demonstrated that, on average, the profiles would become completely homogenized within 14–25 hr when subjected to the March and April heat fluxes. A subset of the profiles would become homogenized when subjected to the May heat fluxes. Since the study domain contained numerous leads within the pack ice—many of them refreezing—and since some of the measured profiles were vertically uniform in density, this suggests that NVWW is formed throughout the Chukchi shelf via convection within small openings in the ice. This is consistent with the result that the salinity signals of the NVWW along the central shelf pathway cannot be explained solely by advection from Bering Strait or via modification within large polynyas. The local convection would be expected to stir nutrients into the water column from the sediments, which explains the high nitrate concentrations observed throughout the shelf. This provides a favorable initial condition for phytoplankton growth on the Chukchi shelf.
    Description: The authors are indebted to Commanding Officer John Reeves, Executive Officer Gregory Stanclik, Operations Officer Jacob Cass, and the entire crew of the USCGC Healy for their hard work and dedication in making the SUBICE cruise a success. We also acknowledge Scott Hiller for his assistance with Healy's meteorological data. We thank an anonymous reviewer for helpful input that improved the paper. Funding for A. P., R. P., C. N., and F. B. was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant PLR‐1303617. K. M. was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. K. V. acknowledges the Bergen Research Foundation under Grant BFS2016REK01. K. A. was supported by the NSF grant PLR‐1304563. The CTD and shipboard ADCP data are available from https://www.rvdata.us/search/cruise/HLY1401, and the nutrient data can be accessed from https://arcticdata.io/catalog/view/doi:10.18739/A2RG3Z and http://ocean.stanford.edu/subice/. The shipboard meteorological data reside at http://ocean.stanford.edu/subice/.
    Description: 2020-04-14
    Keywords: Brine rejection ; Chukchi Sea ; Convection ; Winter water
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Opher, J., Brearley, J., Dye, S., Pickart, R., Renfrew, I., Harden, B., & Meredith, M. The annual salinity cycle of the Denmark Strait Overflow. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(4), (2022): e2021JC018139, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jc018139.
    Description: The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) is an important source of dense water input to the deep limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). It is fed by separate currents from the north that advect dense water masses formed in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean which then converge at Denmark Strait. Here we identify an annual salinity cycle of the DSO, characterized by freshening in winter and spring. The freshening is linked to freshening of the Shelfbreak East Greenland Current in the Blosseville Basin north of the Denmark Strait. We demonstrate that the East Greenland Current advects fresh pycnocline water above the recirculating Atlantic Water, which forms a low salinity lid for the overflow in Denmark Strait and in the Irminger Basin. This concept is supported by intensified freshening of the DSO in lighter density classes on the Greenland side of the overflow. The salinity of the DSO in the Irminger Basin is significantly correlated with northerly/northeasterly winds in the Blosseville Basin at a lag of 3–4 months, consistent with estimated transit times. This suggests that wind driven variability of DSO source water exerts an important influence on the salinity variability of the downstream DSO, and hence the composition of the deep limb of the AMOC.
    Description: This research was funded by: NERC EnvEast DTP studentship NE/L002582 (JO) and Cefas Seedcorn DP371 (JO, SRD); as well as by NERC, by AFIS (NE/N009754/1) (IR), JAB is funded by NE/L011166/1, ORCHESTRA (NE/N018095/1) and ENCORE (NE/V013254/1) and RP is funded by the US National Science Foundation grants OCE-1756361 and OCE-1558742. Cefas work on the Angmagssallik array was supported by multiple international partners including NSF, NOAA-CORC-ARCHES, WHOI-OCCI, European Community's fifth & seventh framework programme under grants ASOF-W (contract EVK2-CT-2002-00,149) & No. GA212643 (THOR: “Thermohaline Overturning—at Risk”, 2008–2012) and from UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) including A1222, SD0440 & ME5102.
    Keywords: Overflow ; Salinity ; Seasonality ; Fresh lid ; Advection
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126(5), (2021): e2021JC017291, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017291.
    Description: A regional coupled sea ice-ocean model and mooring/shipboard measurements are used to investigate the origins, seasonality, and downstream fate of the Chukchi Slope Current (CSC). Three years (2013–2015) of model integration indicates that, in the mean, the model slope current transports ∼0.45 Sv of Pacific water northwestward along the Chukchi continental slope. Only 62% of this water emanates from Barrow Canyon, while the rest (38%) is fed by a westward jet extending from the southern Beaufort Sea. The jet merges with the outflow from the canyon, forming the CSC. Due to these two distinct origins, the slope current in the model has a double velocity core at times. This is consistent with the double-core structure of the slope current seen in ship-based observations. Seasonal changes in the volume, heat, and freshwater transports by the slope current appear to be related to the changes in the upstream flows. A tracer diagnostic in the model suggests that the part of the slope current over the upper continental slope continues westward toward the East Siberian Sea, while the portion of the current overlying deeper isobaths flows northward into the Chukchi Borderland, where it ultimately gets entrained into the Beaufort Gyre. Our study provides a detailed and complete picture of the slope current.
    Description: This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2017YFA0604600), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant 2019B81214), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41676019), the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant KYCX19_0384), the National Science Foundation (Grants OPP-1822334, PLR-1504333 and OPP-1733564), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Grant NA14OAR4320158). H. Leng was also supported by the scholarship from China Scholarship Council (Grant 201906710152). The authors thank the two reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions.
    Description: 2021-10-29
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126(6), (2021): e2020JC016996, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016996.
    Description: The flow and transformation of warm, salty Atlantic-origin water (AW) in the Arctic Ocean plays an important role in the global overturning circulation that helps regulate Earth's climate. The heat that it transports also impacts ice melt in different parts of the Arctic. This study uses data from a mooring array deployed across the shelf/slope of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea from 2002–2004 to investigate the flow of AW. A short-lived “rebound jet” of AW on the upper continental slope regularly follows wind-driven upwelling events. A total of 57 such events, lasting on average 3 days each, occurred over the 2 year period. As the easterly wind subsides, the rebound jet quickly spins up while the isopycnals continue to slump from their upwelled state. The strength of the jet is related to the cross-slope isopycnal displacement, which in turn is dependent on the magnitude of the wind, in line with previous modeling. Seaward of the rebound jet, the offshore-most mooring of the array measured the onshore branch of the AW boundary flowing eastward in the Canada Basin. However, the signature of the boundary current was only evident in the second year of the mooring timeseries. We suspect that this is due to the varying influence of the Beaufort Gyre in the two years, associated with a change in pattern of the wind stress curl that helps drive the gyre.
    Description: Support for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation, under grants PLR-1504333 and OPP-1733564; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under grant NA14OAR4320158; and the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0606702).
    Description: 2021-11-26
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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