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  • Cambridge University Press  (1,734)
  • 2020-2023  (6)
  • 1980-1984  (853)
  • 1970-1974  (554)
  • 1960-1964  (321)
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  • 31
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    Towards a Quaternary Time Scale (1980)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-05-01
    Description: Nine first-appearance datums (FADs), twenty-three last-appearance datums (LADs), and three other micropaleontological datums are related to the magnetic-reversal, oxygen-isotope, and calcite-dissolution/coarse-fraction time scales to provide a preliminary basis for subdivision of the Quaternary in deep-sea sediments. The magnetic-reversal, oxygen-isotope, and calcite-dissolution/coarse-fraction scales have been correlated by determination on the same core materials, and absolute dates applied by 40K/40Ar or 14C dating of materials in known positions on one or another of these scales. FADS and LADs have been determined in cores for which either a magnetic-reversal, oxygen-isotope, or calcite-dissolution/coarse-fraction scale has also been available. Altogether 3 FADs and 5 LADs based on diatoms, 4 FADs and 5 LADs based on calcareous nannoplankton, 1 FAD and 8 LADs based on radiolarians, 1 FAD and 5 LADs based on planktonic foraminifers, 2 acme datums, and 1 ratio reversal datum have been determined, and absolute dates inferred by interpolation from known dates on the reference time scales. Some of the FADs and LADs apply or are synchronous only over limited areas of the oceans; others appear to be synchronous throughout the oceans. The base of the Quaternary is set at the top of the Olduvai event at 1.7 my. Four FADs, twelve LADs, two acme datums, and one ratio reversal datum occur above the base of the Quaternary at an average rate of about 1 per 100,000 yr. Five FADs and twelve LADs are recognized in the 0.8-my interval between the top of the Olduvai event and the Gauss/Matuyama Boundary at 2.5 my at an average incidence of about 1 per 50,000 yr.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 32
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    Coastal Morphology and Late Quaternary History, Cayman Islands, West Indies (1983)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Description: Instrumental surveys of coastal profiles in the Cayman Islands, western Caribbean, reveal the presence of a horizontal erosional bench at +1.9 m on Grand Cayman and a deep horizontal notch at +6.4 m on Cayman Brac, but no raised erosional features on Little Cayman. Each island is surrounded by a horizontal constructional raised reef, usually below +2 m, here dated by U-series methods as 124,000 ± 8000 yr old, and hence broadly contemporary with other western Atlantic raised reefs of similar elevations. The different raised erosional features indicate independent vertical tectonic movement of the three islands, predating the formation of the raised reef. The accordance and horizontality of the raised reef indicates stability of the islands since the last interglacial times. An erosional notch at present sea level has formed since the sea reached its present level less than 2100 B.P., and algal benches on exposed coasts are also in equilibrium with present conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0033-5894
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-0287
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 33
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    Numerical Simulation of the Evolution of Ice Covers Using the Scandinavian and Laurentide Ice Sheets as Examples (1982)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-01
    Description: A non-linear parabolic equation describing the evolution of an isothermal linearly viscous ice sheet is numerically solved in non-dimensional coordinates obtained by normalization over the horizontal size of a glacier. The horizontal size of the ice sheet is defined from the solution of an ordinary differential equation, the integral mass balance. For simple climate models, approximate relations describing the evolution of glaciers are proposed. These relations and palaeogeographical data are used to estimate changes in the mass balance on the surface of the Scandinavian and Laurentide ice sheets during retreat of the last glaciation.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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  • 34
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    Radio-Frequency Interferometry—A new technique For studying glaciers (1974)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1974-01-01
    Description: A new method of electromagnetic sounding in resistive electrical environments has been developed for use in lunar exploration. It is applicable to the study of terrestrial glaciers and ice sheets. A horizontal electric dipole antenna on the ground is used to transmit power at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 MHz. A set of orthogonal receiving coils is mounted on a vehicle which traverses away from the transmitter. Field strength is recorded as a function of distance. Waves which travel above the surface interfere with waves from the subsurface, generating interference patterns which can be used to determine the dielectric constant, the loss tangent, and depth to reflecting horizons.The technique was tested on the Athabasca Glacier in western Canada. At 1, 2 and 4 MHz the ice was found to have a dielectric constant of about 3.3, a loss tangent (tan δ) which is roughly inversely proportional to frequency giving values off tanδ in the range 0.25 to 0.35 (wherefis in MHz). These values correspond well with the known properties of ice near 0° C, which is a temperature typical of temperate glaciers. It has been possible to determine the depth of the ice but results are not always consistent with previous seismic and gravity surveys and with drilling. At frequencies of 16 and 32 MHz, scattering is the dominant feature of the results. At 8 MHz there is a transition from clear-cut interference patterns to the scattering patterns. From these findings, we suggest that the Athabasca Glacier has a large number of dielectric scatterers with dimensions less than about 35 m, probably due in large part to crevasses.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 35
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    Instability of a surface of discontinuity of velocity in a parallel uniform magnetic field (1963)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1963-06-01
    Description: The problem described by the title is investigated when the magnetic field is uniform and parallel to the velocity on the two sides of a surface of discontinuity of velocity in an electrically conducting inviscid fluid. The secular equation depends on two parameters β and N, where β is the ratio of magnetic Reynolds number to dimensionless wave number and N is the ratio of the magnetic to the kinetic energy of the fluid. It is found that the flow is unstable for all values of β and N. © 1963, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 36
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    Combined forced and natural convection with low-speed air flow over horizontal cylinders (1970)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1970-06-04
    Description: This article describes experimental work on the mixed convection régime with flow normal to electrically heated cylinders. The forcing velocities used were in the range 0·0085–3 ft./sec (i.e. 10−2 〈 Ref 〈 45) and temperature differences in the range 30°C to 200°C (i.e. 10−3 〈 Ra 〈 10) were covered. Correlations are proposed for the forced convection and natural convection conditions. A correlation is also developed for the combined forced and natural convection region by a vectorial addition of the flow parameters, which gives good agreement with the experiments except over a limited range in the contraflow régime. © 1970, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 37
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    The spacing, position and strength of vortices in the wake of slender cylindrical bodies at large incidence (1971)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1971-12-29
    Description: Extensive schlieren studies and yawmeter traverses of the wake behind slender cone-cylinders at large angles of incidence have shown that the flow pattern is generally steady. Under certain flow conditions, however, the wake exhibits an instability which is not understood. For cross-flow Reynolds numbers in the subcritical region the wake can be described in terms of a cross-flow Strouhal number which has a constant value of 0·2 for cross-flow Mach number components (Mc) up to 0·7 and then increases steadily to a value of 0·6 at Mc = 1·6. The strength of the wake vortices varies substantially with Mc, increasing to a maximum at Mc ≈ 0·7 and then decreasing rapidly for higher values of Mc. Schlieren photographs of the wake have been analysed by means of the impulse flow analogy and also by considering the vortices to be part of a yawed infinite vortex street. The impulse flow analogy is shown to be of use in determining the cross-flow Strouhal number but estimates of vortex strength are too high. The Kármán vortex street theory combined with the sweepback principle leads to reliable estimates of vortex strength up to Mc = 1·0. Information is given on the spacing, path and strength of the vortices shed from the body for flow conditions varying from incompressible speeds up to Mc = 1·0. Finally this information is used to determine the vortex drag of a two-dimensional circular cylinder below Mc = 1·0. © 1971, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 38
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    Non-linear resonant instability in boundary layers (1971)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1971-11-29
    Description: An investigation is made of resonant triads of Tollmien-Schlichting waves in an unstable boundary layer. The triads considered are those comprising a two-dimensional wave and two oblique waves propagating at equal and opposite angles to the flow direction and such that all three waves have the same phase velocity in the downstream direction. For such a resonant triad remarkably powerful wave interations take place, which may cause a continuous and rapid transfer of energy from the primary shear flow to the disturbance. It appears that the oblique waves can grow particularly rapidly and it is suggested that such preferential growth may be responsible for the rapid development of three-dimensionality in unstable boundary layers. The non-linear energy transfer primarily takes place in the vicinity of the critical layer where the downstream propagation velocity of the waves equals the velocity of the primary flow. The theoretical analysis is initially carried out for a general primary velocity profile; then, in order to demonstrate the essential features of the results, precise interaction equations are derived for a particular profile consisting of a layer of constant shear bounded by a uniform flow. Some exact solutions of the general interaction equations are presented, one of which has the property that the wave amplitudes become indefinitely large at a finite time. The possible relevance of the present theoretical model to the experiments of Klebanoff, Tidstrom & Sargent (1962) is examined. © 1971, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 39
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    Vortex shedding from a turbulent jet in a cross-wind (1971)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1971-07-13
    Description: Measurements in the wake behind turbulent jets exhausting from a solid surface into a cross-wind indicate that vortex shedding occurs as in the case of flow past solid bluff bodies. The Strouhal numbers for flow past a circular and a blunt jet are in qualitative agreement with those for corresponding solid bodies, provided that the width of the spreading jet some distance from the surface is used rather than the jet exit plane dimension. © 1971, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1120
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-7645
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 40
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    Bounds for heat transport in a porous layer (1972)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1972-08-08
    Description: Bounds on the heat transport in a porous layer are derived using the variational method of Howard (1963) and Busse (1969b). The relatively simple structure of the variational problem in the case of porous convection allows one to formulate the theory more simply and to investigate some of the mathematical questions posed by the earlier work. A precise characterization of the solution with N wavenumbers is given. The variational problem is solved exactly among functions with a single overall wavenumber and this solution is in good agreement with a nonlinear perturbation solution of the governing equations and with experiments. An N-wavenumber solution is constructed for large Nusselt numbers by boundary-layer methods. The asymptotic solution is compared with a numerical solution of the problem for N = 2. The comparison supports the boundary-layer assumptions introduced in the asymptotic analysis. © 1972, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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