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  • Springer  (30)
  • 2020-2023
  • 1990-1994  (30)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1910-1914
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Machine setup and component placement in printed circuit board assembly (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of flexible manufacturing systems 6 (1994), S. 5-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9370
    Keywords: printed circuit board assembly ; surface mount technology ; quadratic integer programming ; dynamic programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Populating printed circuit boards is one of the most costly and time-consuming steps in electronics assembly. At the beginning of each work order, three decisions are required: (1) a sequence must be specified for placing the individual components on the board; (2) tape reels must be assigned to positions on the magazine rack; and (3) a retrieval plan must be determined should the same component type be assigned to more than one magazine slot. Collectively, these problems can be modeled as a nonlinear integer program. In this paper, we develop a series of algorithms for solving each using an iterative two step approach. Initially, a placement sequence is generated with a weighted, nearest neighbor traveling salesman problem (TSP) heuristic; the two remaining problems are then formulated as a quadratic integer program and solved with a Lagrangian relaxation scheme. As a final step, the current magazine assignments are used to update the placement sequence, and the entire process is repeated. Our ability to deal, at least in part, with simultaneous machine operations represents the major contribution of this work. The methodology was simulated for a set of boards obtained from Texas Instruments and theoretically compared with a heuristic currently in use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01324873
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An algorithm for the mixed-integer nonlinear bilevel programming problem (1992)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 34 (1992), S. 149-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The bilevel programming problem (BLPP) is a two-person nonzero sum game in which play is sequential and cooperation is not permitted. In this paper, we examine a class of BLPPs where the leader controls a set of continuous and discrete variables and tries to minimize a convex nonlinear objective function. The follower's objective function is a convex quadratic in a continuous decision space. All constraints are assumed to be linear. A branch and bound algorithm is developed that finds global optima. The main purpose of this paper is to identify efficient branching rules, and to determine the computational burden of the numeric procedures. Extensive test results are reported. We close by showing that it is not readily possible to extend the algorithm to the more general case involving integer follower variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098177
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoactivity of ternary lead-group IVB oxides for hydrogen and oxygen evolution (1990)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 5 (1990), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Photocatalysis ; photocatalytic activity ; PbCrO4 ; PbMoO4 ; PbWO4 ; hydrogen evolution ; oxygen evolution ; aqueous solutions ; ternary lead Group IVB oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative photocatalytic activity of a series of lead-IVB group oxides (PbCrO4, PbMoO4, and PbWO4) was studied for hydrogen evolution from aqueous methanol solution and for oxygen evolution from aqueous silver nitrate solution. Among the compounds, only PbMoO4 and platinized PbMoO4 powders acted as photocatalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions from aqueous solutions, with an activity for oxygen evolution on PbMoO4 comparable to that observed on TiO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00772094
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    When is partial trace equivalence adequate? (1994)
    Springer
    Formal aspects of computing 6 (1994), S. 317-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-299X
    Keywords: Process algebra ; Trace semantics ; Structured operational semantics ; Determinism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Two processes arepartial trace equivalent iff they can perform the same sequences of actions in isolation. Partial trace equivalence is perhaps the simplest possible notion of process equivalence. In general, it is too simple: it is not usually an adequate semantics. We investigate the circumstances under which it is adequate, which are surprisingly rich. We give two substantial classes of languages for which partial traces are adequate. In one class, partial trace equivalence suffices for total correctness, and operations such as true sequencing are possible; but all processes are determinate and silent moves are not possible. The other class — which includes many standard process calculi, such as CCS and CSP — admits indeterminacy and silent moves, but partial traces only suffice for partial correctness and true sequencing is not definable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215409
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein B and E genes and their relationship to plasma lipid variables in healthy Chinese men (1993)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 92 (1993), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study we have analysed the apolipoprotein (Apo) E polymorphism and polymorphisms of the ApoB gene, including the ApoB/Xba I and ApoB/4311 diallelic polymorphisms and a hypervariable region (HVR) situated in the 3′ region of the gene (ApoB/3′HVR), in a sample of healthy male subjects from Taiyuan (northern People's Republic of China). In comparison to Caucasian populations, in the Chinese sample, the Xba I2 allele (presence of cutting site; frequency 6.1%; and 95% confidence interval, 3.3–8.9) and the long HVR alleles (9.4%; 6.0–12.8) were rare, whereas the ApoB/4311 (Ser) allele (70.8%; 65.4–76.2) and the 34-repeat allele of the HVR (HVR34; 62.4%; 56.8–68.0) were frequent. In subjects having none, one, or two HVR34 alleles, the mean levels of plasma triglycerides were 2.32±1.44 (SD), 1.45+0.74, and 1.75±1.07 g/l, respectively (P 〈 0.007). Similar trends were observed for very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, LpE:B, and LpCIII:B. The frequencies of the ApoE alleles were similar to those reported in other populations of Asian origin; E2 (7.4%; 4.2–10.6), E3 (84.4%; 80.2–88.6), and E4 (8.2%; 5.0–11.4). Individuals carrying the E2 allele had a lower mean level of ApoB than E33 individuals: 0.87±0.16 and 1.00±0.22 g/l, respectively (P 〈 0.007). Individuals carrying the E4 allele had higher levels of ApoE than E33 individuals: 0.140±0.084 and 0.094±0.052 g/l, respectively (P 〈 0.004); similar trends were observed for VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, LpE:B, and LpCIII:B. The ApoB/ HVR34 and ApoE/E4 polymorphisms accounted for 10% to 15% of the variability of the plasma levels of VLDL cholesterol, ApoE, triglycerides, LpE:B, and LpCIII:B. Several lipid variables appeared to be favourably affected by specific forms of ApoB and ApoE that are particularly frequent in this Chinese population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219691
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A distinctive change in odortype determined by H-2D/L mutation (1991)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 34 (1991), S. 129-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211425
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fetal H-2 odortypes are evident in the urine of pregnant female mice (1994)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 39 (1994), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) imparts to each mouse an individual urinary odor, called “odortype”, which reflects its MHC genotype. Perception of odortypes affects mate selection and embryonic implantation. Recent findings that odortypes tre expressed as early as one day of age suggested that they might already be expressed in utero. We now report that at 9–12 days of gestation, odortypes specified by paternal (non-maternal) MHC haplotypes become apparent in maternal urine. Thus, odortypes are expressed in utero, can be sensed even before birth, and may serve in familial identification and communication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188613
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy and safety of high dose fluvastatin in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 45 (1993), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Hypercholesterolaemia ; Fluvastatin ; molecular genetics ; LDL receptor ; hyperlipidaemia ; atherosclerosis ; HMG CoA reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The efficacy and safety of the HMG CoA reductase inhibitor fluvastatin have been evaluated in a double blind study in 52 patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. A standard AHA Phase II lipid lowering diet was prescribed throughout the study. After 6 weeks of a single blind dosage stabilisation period, in which patients received fluvastatin 40 mg qPM, patients were randomly allocated to one of two double blind treatment groups: group A (n=24) received fluvastatin 20 mg b. d. for 12 weeks and fluvastatin 20 mg AM + 40 mg PM for an additional 12 weeks; Group B (n=28) received fluvastatin 40 mg qPM during the entire study. Safety and tolerability were evaluated by the analysis of biochemical and haematological parameters, and ophthalmological and physical examinations. Efficacy was analysed by the determination of plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins. Fluvastatin 40 mg/d was associated with up to a 27.4% decrease in LDL-C and a 9.6% increase in HDL-C concentrations. Increasing the dose of fluvastatin from 20 mg b. d. to 60 mg per day in Group A was associated with a 7.1% decrease in LDL-C, a 12.1% increase of HDL-C and a 12.8% decrease in the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. In comparison with Group B (40 mg qPM) LDL-C, HDL-C and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in Group A (60 mg) differed by −8.9%, 6.6% and −12%, respectively. During treatment with 40 mg qPM, one patient developed an asymptomatic but notable elevation of CK to 1823 U/l (normal range 0–100 U/l) that was caused by strenuous exercise. No other notable biochemical or haematological abnormalities were recorded. It is concluded that in patients with heterozygous FH the increase of fluvastatin from 40 to 60 mg/d provided an additional significant effect on plasma LDL-C and HDL-C levels and in the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, without producing any deleterious effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315307
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluvastatin efficacy and tolerability in comparison and in combination with cholestyramine (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 46 (1994), S. 445-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Hypercholesterolaemia ; Fluvastatin ; cholestyramine ; drug treatment of hypercholesterolaemia ; LDL cholesterol ; HDL cholesterol ; triglycerides ; Lp(a) ; apolipoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the new synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, for efficacy, safety and tolerability in comparison to cholestyramine. One hundred fifty one primary hypercholesterolaemic patients participated in this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized study. During the first 12 weeks of the study, fluvastatin (20 mg and 40 mg daily) was compared with cholestyramine (16 g per day). In the subsequent, 6-week part of the study, the comparative efficacy, safety and tolerability of 20 mg fluvastatin, combined with cholestyramine (4 g, 8 g, or 16 g) were assessed. Fluvastatin (40 mg) reduced LDL cholesterol by 28.0%, triglycerides by 10.5% and increased HDL cholesterol by 3.7%. Cholestyramine (16 g) reduced LDL cholesterol by 35.0%, but raised triglycerides and HDL cholesterol by 12.3% (p〈0.01) and 3.7% respectively. The combination of fluvastatin 20 mg and cholesty-ramine (4 g, 8 g and 16 g) induced the following reductions in LDL cholesterol: 30.4%, 35.6% and 46.6% respectively. There was no significant change in triglycerides in either group although HDL cholesterol was raised by 4.9%, 8.3% and 7.2% respectively. One patient treated with fluvastatin and two treated with cholesty-ramine were withdrawn from the study due to elevation of liver transaminases. The most frequent subjective adverse effects in both treatment groups were mild, transient gastrointestinal complaints. Thus, fluvastatin was effective as a lipid-lowering agent; the effect was further enhanced when fluvastatin was combined with cholestyramine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191909
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of the ERG2 gene, encoding sterol Δ8Δ→7 isomerase, from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and its expression in the maize smut pathogen Ustilago maydis (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 531-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene disruption ; Gene expression ; Ergosterol biosynthesis ; Fungicide target
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Magnaporthe grisea ERG2 gene, encoding Δ8Δ→7 sterol isomerase, was isolated from a genomic library by heterologous hybridization to a fragment of the Ustilago maydis ERG2 gene. The isolated gene contained a reading frame of 745 bp which encoded a protein of 221 amino acids. The coding region was interrupted by a single putative 79-bp-long intron. The deduced amino-acid sequence exhibited similarity to the ERG2 gene products of U. maydis and of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, particularly in the central region of the proteins. The NH2-terminal of all three proteins contained a long stretch of amino acids that were strongly hydrophobic, suggesting that they may function by anchoring the protein to a membrane surface. The M. grisea ERG2 gene complemented a U. maydis deletion mutant in which the ERG2 gene had been removed using a one-step gene replacement procedure. The Δ8Δ→7 sterol isomerase produced by the M. grisea ERG2 gene exhibited a level of sensitivity to the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, tridemorph, similar to that of the enzyme derived from the U. maydis ERG2 gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351674
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