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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (183)
  • 2020-2023
  • 1995-1999  (81)
  • 1975-1979  (102)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 198 (1997), S. 137-154 
    ISSN: 1022-1352
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: “Criss-cross”-cycloaddition of 4,4′-diisocyanatodiphenyl ether and 4-methoxybenzaldazine was used to synthesize α,ω-diisocyanato telechelics of molecular weights between 1 600 and 3 900. These precursors were reacted with different α,ω-dihydroxy functionalized aliphatic polyethers to produce segmented block copolymers in which the precursors obtained by cycloaddition reaction provide hard segment domains embedded in a polyether soft segment matrix. The resulting materials were soluble in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and chloroform and were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (1H-, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy) as well as gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for molar mass determination. The block copolymers were molded in a hot stage press, and the resulting samples were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and stress-strain measurement. The materials with a hard segment fraction below 0.36 and a molecular weight above M̄n = 90 000 were elastomers with ultimate elongations above 700%.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Bio-tower reactor - a tower-type biological waste water purification plant. A novel biological wastewater purification plant is presented which has been developed from the viewpoint of space-saving and which in comparsion to conventional plant shows more structural similarities with tank assemblies. The developments leading to the construction of the bio-tower reactor are first described and the fundamental concepts of the constructional engineering and gassing technique involved are outlined. The construction and operational behaviour of the plant are dealt with and the results regarding sludge separation, gassing technique, and space loading are discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: gastrin ; lipo-gastrin derivatives ; cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor ; molecular modeling ; ligand binding sites ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Double-tailed lipo-tetragastrin derivatives of increasing fatty acid chain length were used to identify the minimum size of the fatty acid moieties (≥C10) that restricts the access to the CCK-B/gastrin (CCK: cholecystokinin) receptor via a membrane-bound pathway. Then dimyristoyl-mercaptoglycerol/maleoyl-gastrin adducts of increasing peptide chain length were synthesized to define the minimal peptide size required for receptor binding affinities comparable to those of underivatized gastrin peptides despite anchorage of the lipid tails in the membrane bilayer. The experimental results indicated that most of the little-gastrin sequence, i.e., 2-17, is needed for optimal interaction of the molecule with the binding cleft of the receptor. From these data experimentally based restraints could be derived for docking of lipo-gastrin onto a CCK-B/gastrin receptor model applying molecular dynamics simulations and energy minimizations. In the receptor-bound state some of the secondary structure elements of gastrin as determined by nmr analysis of gastrin-peptides in low dielectric constant media are retained. The N-terminal gastrin portion interacts in a more or less extended conformation with the receptor surface, and upon a sharp kink at the Ala-Tyr dipeptide portion the C-terminal pentapeptide amide part inserts deeply into the helix bundle. Besides Arg-57 on top of helix 1 of the receptor, for which no potential interaction with the ligand could be detected, the other amino acid residues identified by mutagenesis studies as involved in gastrin recognition were found to interact with the C-terminal portion of gastrin. Even taking into account the strong limitations of such a model system, it represents an interesting tool for rationalizing the experimental results of the extensive structure-function studies performed previously on gastrin and to delineate more precisely the putative ligand binding site on the extracellular face of the receptor. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 41: 799-817, 1997
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 246 (1997), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The durability of a polyurethane-based coating material, used as protecting agent on Sander Sandstone, is investigated after different periods of artificial weathering in an environment simulation chamber (VENUS) by means of surface-sensitive methods (ESCA, infrared spectroscopy) and gel permeation chromatography. Only the outermost 4 millimeters showed decay on the polyurethane-chemistry level.
    Notes: Die Dauerhaftigkeit eines Steinschutzstoffes auf Polyurethanbasis im Sander Schilfsandstein gegenüber chemischen Angriffen wurde nach verschieden langen Bewitterungszeiten in einer Versuchsanlage zur naturnahen Umweltsimulation untersucht. Dabei wurden sowohl die Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC) als auch oberflächensensible Analysenmethoden (XPS und PAS-FTIR) zur Untersuchung der Polyurethan-Mikroschicht im Stein eingesetzt. Nur im Bereich der ersten vier Millimeter Gesteinstiefe konnten bewitterungsbedingte chemische Veränderungen des Polymeren festgestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 14 (1975), S. 1173-1179 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A basic theory for equilibrium properties of cooperative transitions (particularly helix-coil transformations) of sufficiently long linear biopolymers under the influence of an electric field is developed. General relations for the calculation of the distribution of uninterrupted sequences of elementary subunit states (e.g., helical fragments) as well as the overall degree of transition θ are given. Strong cooperativity is found to permit simplifications. It is shown that only in this case can a practically significant field effect be expected. Numerical results are presented for a special example of experimental interest.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An electric birefringence apparatus with an He-Ne laser is described, which permits a high sensitivity of measurement for field strengths up to 20 kV/cm and pulse durations between 10-5 to 1 sec. It is applied to poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) and poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) in a nonaqueous solvent mixture, especially under the conditions of the helix-coil equilibrium. A theoretical treatment of the problem shows that the usual neglect of end effects is only justified for comparatively long chains. On the basis of a computational procedure taking into account the finite chain lengths, the experimental data for 15 kV/cm reveal an obvious enhancement of the coil-to-helix transition caused by the electric field. This effect is quantitatively confirmed by a pertinent theory. The cooperative parameter σ may be best determined from the initial linear increase of the bire-fringence versus the square of the field strength where the conformational equilibrium is not affected.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ensemble calculations employing restraints developed from 1H-nmr were used to examine the conformational states of the two microcystins LR and LY. Despite the fast “flip-flop” dynamics about the N-methyl-dehydroalanine residue and adjacent residues, the main conformational characteristics of the cyclic heptapeptides consist of a compact ring formed by five of the seven amino acid residues with expulsion of a dipeptide portion out of the plane and the unnatural C20 β-amino acid (2S. 3S. 8S, 9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2, 6, 8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4. 6-dienoic acid pointing upward from the ring. This structure of microcystin LR shows high degrees of similarity with the energy-minimized structure of nodularin, a cyclic pentapeptide of identical inhibitory potency against protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Comparison of these structures with those of the less toxic LY variant and with the structurally unrelated okadaic acid, known as potent inhibitor of the protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, allowed us to propose a rational binding mode of this structural diverse set of natural inhibitors. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 333-340 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Condensation of 2,3,7,8-tetraoxo-2,3,7,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[2′,3′:1,2]naphtho[5,6-b]-pyrrol (4) with thiopene yields a polymeric indophenine homologue (2), which is a vat dye. 2 has a coplanar conjugated π-electron system and the typical properties of a polymeric organic semiconductor of the p-type with a specific electrical conductivity of σ298K=1,8.10-5 Ω-1 cm-1 and a thermal activation energy of E=0,34eV(≈0,54.10-19J) at a pressure of p=1500kp cm-2 (14700 N cm-2). 2 has a specific concentration of unpaired spins of 5,6.1019 spins g-1.
    Notes: Durch Kondensation von 2,3,7,8-Tetraoxo-2,3,7,8-tetrahydropyrrolo[2′,3′:1,2]naphtho[5,6-b] pyrrol (4) mit Thiophen entsteht ein polymeres Indopheninhomologes (2). 2 ist ein Küpenfarbstoff und besitzt auf Grund seines koplanaren konjugierten π-Elektronensystems ausgeprägte Eigenschaften eines polymeren organischen Halbleiters. Es ist ein p-Leiter mit einer spezifischen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von σ298k=1,8.10-5 Ω-1 cm-1 bei einer thermischen Aktivierungsenergie von E=0,34eV (≈0,54.10-19J), bei einem Druck von p=1500kp cm-2 (14700 N cm-2). 2 besitzt eine spezifische Spinkonzentration von 5.6.1019 spins g-1.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige Festkörperrcaktionen. die zur Bildung von Polymer-Kristallen führen. werden diskutiert und es wird gezeigt, wie man die Ergebnisse der morphologischen Untersuchungen dazu verwenden kann, den Mechanismus der Festkörperpolymerisation aufzuklären. Beispiele für die folgenden drei Mechanismen werden im einzelnen behandelt: (a) Kristallisation der makromolckularen Ketten nach der Polymerisation, (b) simultane Polymerisation und Kristallisation, (c) Polymerisation in fester Lösung.Als ein Beispiel für Kristallisation nach bereits erfolgter Polymerisation wird die Morphologie von Ziegler-Natta Olefin-Polymerisaten diskutiert. Ein anderes Beispiel dafür liefert die kationische Polymerisation von 1,3,5-Trioxan aus Lösungen. Es wird gezeigt. daß in diesem Fall das System einem thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht zwischen der kristallinen Phase des Polymeren und dem gelösten Monomeren zustrebt. Dabei findet durch Aufbrechen der Kettenfalten und Einbau von Monomereinheiten ein Dickenwachstum der Kristalle statt, das schließlich zur Entstehung von gestrecktkettigen Kristallen durch diese Transacctalisierung führt.Die durch Bestrahlung oder katalytisch induzierte Festkörperpolymerisation von 1,3,5-Trioxan oder 1,3,5,7-Tetroxan stellt ein Beispiel für simultane Polymerisation und Kristallisation dar. Einige molekulare Modelle für das Wachstum der Ketten werden auf Grund der morphologischen Beobachtung entwickelt. Es zeigt sich, daß bei diesen Reaktionen im allgemeinen keine wirklichen gestrecktkettigen Kristalle des Poly(oxymethylen)s. (POM) entstehen; Ursache dafür ist entweder Kettenfaltung (Dichtefluktuation entlang der Faserachse) oder Zwillingsbildung (Orienticrungsfluktuation). Art und Ursprung der Zwillingsbildung von POM aus kristallinem 1,3,5-Trioxan wird im einzelnen erörtert.Die topochemische Polymerisation von Monomeren mit konjugierten Dreifachbindungen gibt ein Beispiel für Polymerisation in fester Lösung. Die Polymerketten wachsen als isolierte Einheiten im Gitter des Monomeren. In einigen Fällen kann das gesamte Monornere ohne Phasentrennung umgesetzt werden. Dadurch entstehen makroskopische Polymer-Einkristalle aus gestreckten Ketten. die bisher noch nicht auf andere Weise dargestellt werden konnten.
    Notes: Some solid-state reactions which give rise to the formation of polymer crystals are discussed and the observation of the nascent polymer morphology is used as a guide-line to learn about the reaction mechanism of solid-state polymerizations. Examples for the following three different mechanisms are treated in detail: (a) crystallization succeeding polymerization, (b) simultaneous polymerization and crystallization, and (c) polymerization in solid solution.The nascent morphology of poly(alkylene)s obtained by Ziegler-Natta catalysis is taken as an example for crystallization succeeding polymerization. Another example is the cationic polymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane from solution. In this case a thermodynamic equilibrium between the phases of the solid crystalline polymer and the dissolved monomer is approached; here, by breaking up chain folds and insertion of monomeric units, an increase in thickness of the crystals takes place, which finally leads to extended chain crystals by this transacetalization.The solid-state polymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane and 1,3,5,7-tetroxane as induced by high-energy radiation or catalysts is described as an example for simultaneous polymerization and crystallization. Possible molecular models of the chain growth are developed on the basis of the morphological observations. Truly extended chain crystals of poly(oxymethylene), (POM), cannot be obtained generally from solid 1,3,5-trioxane or 1,3,5,7-tetroxane; the reason for this is either chain-folding (density fluctuation along the fibre axis) or “twin”-structure formation (orientation fluctuation). The nature and origin of the “twin”-structure of POM from crystalline 1,3,5-trioxane is discussed in detail.Topochemical polymerization of monomers with conjugated triple-bonds is an example for polymerization in solid solution. The polymer chains grow as isolated macromolecules within the monomer lattice. Since quantitative conversion can be reached in some cases without phase separation, this comprises a method to produce macroscopic, extended chain polymer single crystals, which so far could not be prepared by another method.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: By crystallisation of low oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) films one obtaines a structure for which in X-ray wide angle scattering the 100-reflection lies on the meridian and the 010-reflection on the equator. X-ray small angle scattering shows a maximum on the meridian.One can explain these results by means of a model of twisted lamellae, the twisting axes of which are lying preferentially perpendicular to the drawing-direction. In such a twisted lamella the (001)-planes of the crystals are parallel to the surface of the lamellae and the b-axes lie in the direction of the twisting axis. This model also explains the negative birefringence observed for this structure.
    Notes: Bei der Kristallisation von schwach orientierten Polyäthylenterephthalat-Folien erhält man eine Struktur, für die in der Röntgenweitwinkelstreuung der 100-Reflex am Meridian und der 010-Reflex am Äquator liegt. Die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung zeigt ein Intensitätsmaximum am Meridian.Man kann diese Befunde mit einem Modell aus tordierten Lamellen erklären, deren Torsionsachsen bevorzugt senkrecht zur Verstreckrichtung liegen. In einer solchen tordierten Lamelle liegen die (001)-Ebenen der Kristallite parallel zur Lamellenoberfläche und die b-Achsen in Richtung der Torsionsachse. Die bei dieser Struktur auftretende negative Doppelbrechung kann mit diesem Modell ebenfalls erklärt werden.
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