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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Balloon observations registering scatter angles in a liquid scintillator have revealed gamma-ray bursts having energies as low as 10 to the -7th ergs per square cm. The burst distribution is graphed according to energy and frequency. The hypothesis that the bursts are galactic in origin is in good agreement with their small recorded energies and their predicted distribution on the graph.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 271; Feb. 16
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The operation of a double scatter telescope and the evaluation of data obtained during a 24 hour balloon flight are discussed. An increase in gamma rays was observed as the galactic anti-center crossed the aperature of the telescope. Searches for lines from p(n,gamma)d at 2.2 MeV, C-12* at 4.4 MeV and on -16* at 6.1 MeV and for other lines broadened or redshifted are being conducted to identify the processes responsible for the production of celestial gamma rays. Two upper limits for lines in the angalactic anti-center direction at 4.4 MeV and 6.1 MeV are 6 and 4 x 10 to the minus 4 power gamma/sq cm-s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 217-222
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: We present a concept for an Advanced Compton Telescope (ACT) based on the use of pixelized gas micro-well detectors to form a three-dimensional electron track imager. A micro-well detector consists of an array of individual micro-patterned proportional counters opposite a planar drift electrode. When combined with thin film transistor array readouts, large gas volumes may be imaged with very good spatial and energy resolution at reasonable cost. The third dimension is determined by timing the drift of the ionization electrons. The primary advantage of this approach is the excellent tracking of the Compton recoil electron that is possible in a gas volume. Such good electron tracking allows us to reduce the point spread function of a single incident photon dramatically, greatly improving the imaging capability and sensitivity. The polarization sensitivity, which relies on events with large Compton scattering angles, is particularly enhanced. We describe a possible ACT implementation of this technique, in which the gas tracking volume is surrounded by a CsI calorimeter, and present our plans to build and test a small prototype over the next three years.
    Keywords: Instrumentation and Photography
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: SSL (Software Specification Language) is a new formalism for the definition of specifications for software systems. The language provides a linear format for the representation of the information normally displayed in a two-dimensional module inter-dependency diagram. In comparing SSL to FORTRAN or ALGOL, it is found to be largely complementary to the algorithmic (procedural) languages. SSL is capable of representing explicitly module interconnections and global data flow, information which is deeply imbedded in the algorithmic languages. On the other hand, SSL is not designed to depict the control flow within modules. The SSL level of software design explicitly depicts intermodule data flow as a functional specification.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA-CR-144236 , SAI-77-537-HU
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  • 6
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The flow of minor species in the solar wind is considered on the basis of a model in which all species are heated in an arbitrary manner as they leave the sun and the minor species interact with the background proton-electron plasma through the radial electric field associated with the latter and by means of Coulomb collisions. In order to produce satisfactory results in which the ions all move at more or less the same speed at the orbit of the earth, it is necessary to introduce heating functions such that each species is given energy in proportion to its mass. Coulomb collisions are found to be important as a means of removing energy from the heavier species close to the sun and bringing all species closer to thermal equilibrium at great distances from the sun. Substantial velocity differences can occur between species, especially close to the sun. Furthermore it is not difficult to construct solutions in which the bulk velocity of the helium ions exceeds that of the solar wind, as is often observed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 41; 3, 19; 1975
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are reported for measurements of cosmic diffuse gamma rays performed with a double Compton scatter gamma-ray telescope flows aboard a balloon at 3.5-g/sq cm residual atmosphere. The operation and calibration of the telescope are briefly reviewed, unwanted backgrounds are identified, and the only significant background for the telescope used is shown to arise from the interaction of albedo neutrons with hydrogen and carbon in one of the liquid scintillators. The fluxes of cosmic diffuse gamma rays with energies of 2 to 3, 3 to 5, 5 to 7, 7.5 to 10 MeV are listed, and upper limits are provided for energies of 10 to 15 and 15 to 25 MeV. These data are compared with numerous previous measurements, and no indication is found that the diffuse radiation is statistically different from isotropic. Upper limits are placed on the gamma-ray fluxes (mainly 3 to 25 MeV) from various localized sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 218
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The meteorology equipment carried by the Viking landers was intended to measure atmospheric temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and pressure. During the summer months, the winds were a few meters per second, with a complex hodograph and the Lander-1 site, dominated by counterclockwise turning of the wind, and a simpler hodograph at the Lander-2 site, marked by clockwise turning of the wind. With advancing season, the repetitive wind pattern began to break down, and protracted northeasterly winds were recorded on several occasions (some of which are associated with lower than normal temperatures). Examples are given of wind and temperature traces over short periods, illustrating the effects of convection, static stability, and lander interference. A theoretical argument, based on the horizontal scale dictated by heating of slopes and on vertical mixing of momentum, is presented to explain the different sense of wind rotation at the two lander sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A large area double scattering telescope for balloon-borne research is described. It measures the flux, energy and direction of 2-100 MeV neutrons and 0.5-30 MeV gamma rays. These measurements are made using time-of-flight and pulse height analysis techniques with two large tanks of mineral oil liquid scintillator. Results from Monte Carlo calculations of the efficiency, energy resolution and angular resolution are presented and the electronics implementation for the processing of 80 photomultiplier tubes signals will be discussed. The detector weighs 800 kg with a large part of this weight being the liquid scintillator (320 kg). It will be flown at 3 mbars for flight durations up to 40 hours. The first flight is planned for Spring, 1975.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results from the meteorology instruments on the Viking 1 lander are presented for the first 4 sols of operation. The instruments are working satisfactorily. Temperatures fluctuated from a low of 188 K to an estimated maximum of 244 K. The mean pressure is 7.65 millibars with a diurnal variation of amplitude 0.1 millibar. Wind speeds averaged over several minutes have ranged from essentially calm to 9 meters per second. Wind directions have exhibited a remarkable regularity which may be associated with nocturnal downslope winds and gravitational oscillations, or to tidal effects of the diurnal pressure wave, or to both.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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