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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (7)
  • 2020-2023
  • 2000-2004
  • 1975-1979  (7)
  • 1
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    Meteorological results from the surface of Mars - Viking 1 and 2 (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The meteorology equipment carried by the Viking landers was intended to measure atmospheric temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and pressure. During the summer months, the winds were a few meters per second, with a complex hodograph and the Lander-1 site, dominated by counterclockwise turning of the wind, and a simpler hodograph at the Lander-2 site, marked by clockwise turning of the wind. With advancing season, the repetitive wind pattern began to break down, and protracted northeasterly winds were recorded on several occasions (some of which are associated with lower than normal temperatures). Examples are given of wind and temperature traces over short periods, illustrating the effects of convection, static stability, and lander interference. A theoretical argument, based on the horizontal scale dictated by heating of slopes and on vertical mixing of momentum, is presented to explain the different sense of wind rotation at the two lander sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 30
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Preliminary meteorological results on Mars from the Viking 1 lander (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results from the meteorology instruments on the Viking 1 lander are presented for the first 4 sols of operation. The instruments are working satisfactorily. Temperatures fluctuated from a low of 188 K to an estimated maximum of 244 K. The mean pressure is 7.65 millibars with a diurnal variation of amplitude 0.1 millibar. Wind speeds averaged over several minutes have ranged from essentially calm to 9 meters per second. Wind directions have exhibited a remarkable regularity which may be associated with nocturnal downslope winds and gravitational oscillations, or to tidal effects of the diurnal pressure wave, or to both.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    Mars atmospheric phenomena during major dust storms, as measured at surface (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Meteorological instrumentation aboard the Viking Mars Landers measures wind, temperature, and pressure. Two global dust storms occurred during northern autumn and winter, observed both by the orbiters and by the landers. The meteorological data from the landers has been analyzed for the period just before first storm arrival to just after second storm arrival, with the objectives of defining the meteorological phenomena during the storm period, determining those associated with storm and dust arrival, and evaluating the effects on synoptic conditions and the general circulation. Times of dust arrival over the sites could be defined fairly closely from optical and pressure (solar tide) data, and dust arrival was also accompanied by changes in diurnal temperature range, temperature maxima, and temperature minima. The arrivals of the storms at Viking Lander 1 were accompanied by significant increases in wind speed and pressure. No such changes were observed at Viking Lander 2. It is possible that surface material could have been raised locally at Viking Lander 1. Throughout the period except for the time following the second dust storm the synoptic picture at Viking Lander 2 was one of eastward moving cyclonic and anticyclonic systems. These disappeared following the second storm, a phenomenon which may be related to the storm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; June 10
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    Discrete events at Viking-2 Mars site, northern summer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Viking-2 Mars Lander landed at 48 deg N 226 deg W, northern summer. During the summer period the wind vector exhibited a repetitive clockwise turning with a period of one Sol (Mars day). Occasionally, however, the rotation ceased and wind became principally northeasterly. These events were always multiples of a Sol in duration, and all began around local midnight. The exact reason for this behavior is not clear, but it is suggested that small variations in the strength of the global circulation may be responsible.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Nov. 197
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  • 5
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    Mars meteorology - Three seasons at the surface (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We summarize some meteorological results from Viking for northern summer, autumn and winter. Little Sol-to-Sol meteorological change was observed during summer, except for secular pressure change. However, a regular sequence of weather disturbances, interpreted as baroclinic waves, appeared primarily at VL-2 during autumn and winter. The number of Rossby waves present at a given instant is calculated to be 4 and 6 for these seasons. The extreme regularity and low wave number make these systems closely resemble the baroclinic waves of rotating annulus experiments.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Aug. 197
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  • 6
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    Early meteorological results from the Viking 2 lander (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Early results from the meteorological instruments on the Viking 2 lander are presented. As on lander 1, the daily patterns of temperature, wind, and pressure have been highly repetitive during the early summer period. The average daily maximum temperature was 241 K and the diurnal minimum was 191 K. The wind has a vector mean of 0.7 meter per second from the southeast with a diurnal amplitude of 3 meters per second. Pressure exhibits both diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations, although of substantially smaller amplitude than those of lander 1. Departures from the repetitive diurnal patterns begin to appear on sol 37.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 7
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    Viking-1 meteorological measurements - First impressions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary evaluation is given of in situ meteorological measurements made by Viking 1 on Mars. The data reported show that: (1) the atmosphere has approximate volume mixing ratios of 1.5% argon, 3% nitrogen, and 95% carbon dioxide; (2) the diurnal temperature range is large and regular, with a sunrise minimum of about 188 K and a midafternoon maximum near 244 K; (3) air and ground temperatures coincide quite closely during the night, but ground temperature exceeds air temperature near midday by as much as 25 C; (4) the winds exhibit a marked diurnal cycle; and (5) a large diurnal pressure variation with an afternoon minimum and an early-morning maximum parallels the wind pattern. The variations are explained in terms of familiar meteorological processes. It is suggested that latent heat is unlikely to play an important role on Mars because no evidence has been observed for traveling synoptic-scale disturbances such as those that occur in the terrestrial tropics.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 57
    Format: text
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