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  • 2020-2022  (5)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: One of the essential parameters to measure the stability and power-quality of an energy grid is the network impedance. Including distinct resonances which may also vary over time due to changing load or generation conditions in a network, the frequency characteristic of the impedance is an import part to analyse. The determination and analysis of the impedance go hand in hand with a massive amount of data output. The reduction of this high-resolution voltage and current datasets, while maintaining the fidelity of important information, is the main focus of this paper. The presented approach takes measured impedance datasets and a set of lossy compression procedures, to monitor the performance success with known key metrics. Afterwards, it continually compares the results of various lossy compression techniques. The innovative contribution is the combination of new and existing procedures as well as metrics in one approach, to reduce the size of the impedance datasets for the first time. The approach needs to be efficient, suitable, and exact, otherwise the decompression results are useless.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-08-08
    Description: With increasing interest in clean energy generation in the transportation sector, increasing attention has been given to polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cells as viable power sources. One issue, the widespread application of this technology faces, is the insufficient knowledge regarding the transient behaviour of fuel cells, for instance, following a short-circuit event. In this paper, an agglomerate model is presented and validated, which enables the transient simulation of short-circuit events to predict the resulting peak current and discharge of the double layer capacity. The model allows for the incorporation of detailed morphological and compositional information regarding all fuel cell components. This information is used to calculate the reaction rate, diffusional and convectional species transfer, and the momentum transport. It can be shown that the charge in the double layer capacitance of the fuel cell is key to predicting the peak current and its charge is dependent on the operating conditions of the fuel cell. Further, the effects of the magnitude of the double layer capacity, current rise time and stoichiometry on the dynamic behaviour of the fuel cell are investigated. It can be shown that the discharge of the double layer capacity proceeds from the membrane through the catalyst layer to the gas diffusion layer and that the stoichiometry of the gas supply does not significantly change the absolute peak value of the short-circuit current.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-04-01
    Description: The reduction of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions is a major issue in modern society. Therefore, environmentally friendly technologies like fuel cells should replace conventional energy generation plants. Today, fuel cells are used in households for CHP (combined heat and power) applications, for emergency power supply in many stationary applications and for the power supply of cars, buses and ships and emergency power supply of aircrafts. A significant challenge is the optimal electrical grid integration and selection of the appropriate grid protection mechanism for fuel cell applications. For this, the short circuit capability and behavior needs to be known. This paper gives a mathematical estimation of the short circuit behavior of fuel cells. Five main transient and dynamic phenomena are investigated. The impact of the main transient effect for the provision of additional short circuit energy is simulated, and the simulation is experimentally validated. For this purpose, a 25 c m 2 single cell consisting of a NafionTM 212 membrane and carbon cloth electrodes with a catalyst loading of 0 . 5 m g / c m 2 Pt is analyzed. The magnitude of the transient short circuit current depends on the operating point right before the short circuit occurs, whereas the stationary short circuit current of fuel cells is invariably about twice the operational current. Based on these results, a novel fuel cell model for the estimation of the short circuit behavior is proposed.
    Electronic ISSN: 2079-9292
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-03-10
    Description: The encoding of high-resolution energy profile datasets from end-users generated by smart electricity meters while maintaining the fidelity of relevant information seems to be one of the backbones of smart electrical markets. In the end-user sphere of smart grids, specific load curves of households can easily be utilized to aggregate detailed information about customer’s daily activities, which would be attractive for cyber attacks. Based on a dataset measured by a smart meter installed in a German household, this paper integrates two complementary approaches to encrypt load profile datasets. On the one hand, the paper explains an integration of a lossy compression and classification technique, which is usable for individual energy consumption profiles of households. On the other hand, a perturbation approach with the Gaussian distribution is used to enhance the safety of a large amount of privacy profiles. By this complete workflow, involving the compression and perturbation, the developed framework sufficiently cut off the chance of de-noising attacks on private data and implement an additional, easy-to-handle layer of data security.
    Electronic ISSN: 2079-9292
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-04-22
    Description: ZusammenfassungDie fortlaufenden, regulatorischen Eingriffe der Bundesregierung im Bereich erneuerbarer Energien führen zu einem hohen Anteil an Windkraft und Photovoltaikanlagen im elektrischen Energieversorgungssystem. Neben einer bevorzugten Einspeisung der erneuerbaren Energien erfolgt aktuell und zukünftig ein Rückbau oder die Stilllegung konventioneller Kraftwerke, wie Atom- und Kohlekraftwerke. Als quantitativer Bewertungsparameter zur Abschätzung der potenziellen Konsequenzen wird die Kurzschlussimpedanz verwendet, die aus den Kurzschlussströmen ableitbar ist. Die Kurzschlussimpedanz dient beispielsweise zur Bewertung der Aufnahmekapazität der Netzanschlusspunkte, der Sicherstellung der Versorgungsqualität und der Reduktion der Netzrückwirkungen. Die Impedanz eines Netzverknüpfungspunktes einer Anlage berechnet sich aus Netzkurzschlussleistung und der Netznennspannung. Somit ist die Netzkurzschlussleistung ein wesentlicher Parameter der Netzbewertung, der sich durch die Energiewende verändert. Betrachtet wird in diesem Beitrag der Anfangs-Kurzschlusswechselstrom, der die Grundlage für die rechnerische Größe der Netzkurzschlussleistung ist.Dieser Beitrag analysiert den Einfluss der Veränderung der Kurzschlussströme auf die Niederspannung (NS) unter Verwendung von Referenznetzen der Nieder- und Mittelspannungsebene (MS), szenariobasierten Simulationen und vereinfachten Modellen für erneuerbare Energieanlagen.Gleichzeitig werden bisherige Forschungsergebnisse auf Tendenzen untersucht, die die Veränderungen der Kurzschlussströme und den Einfluss von EE-Anlagen analysieren. Die Ergebnisse der Simulationen zeigen, dass die Kurzschlussströme trotz der Abschaltung von Großkraftwerken, die bisher durch Synchrongeneratoren den größten Anteil am Netzkurzschlussstrom lieferten, nicht in relevantem Maße abnehmen.
    Print ISSN: 0932-383X
    Electronic ISSN: 1613-7620
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Computer Science
    Published by Springer
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