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  • Manila Bay  (2)
  • Ciguatoxin  (1)
  • 2020-2022  (3)
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  • 2020-2022  (3)
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  • 1
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    Ciguatera in the Philippines: Examining Reef Fish Vectors and Its Causative Benthic Dinoflagellates in Visayan and Sibuyan Seas (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/27089 | 25026 | 2020-08-06 00:54:51 | 27089 | National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Philippines
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is primarily caused by ingesting reef fishes contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTX) produced by the Gambierdiscus species. The unpredictability of this type of food poisoning poses risks to public health and adversely affecting the fish trade industry. This study aimed to provide useful information on ciguatera in the Philippines. Different reef fish species and host-macroalgae for benthic dinoflagellates were collected in Visayan and Sibuyan Seas. Ciguatoxins were extracted from reef fish samples, and toxicity was determined qualitatively using mouse bioassay. Meanwhile, cell density estimation of toxic benthic dinoflagellates isolated from the host-macroalgae was done through microscopy. It was observed that 4.46% of the total reef fish samples were positive with ciguatoxins. Spatially, Carles, Iloilo in Visayan sea had the highest number of toxic specimens belonging to Epinephelus merra, Lethrinus lentjan, Lutjanus campechanus, Scarus quoyi, Siganus guttatus, and Sphyraena barracuda. Based on data gathered from three sampling sites, fish toxin occurrence is observed to be site-specific. Geographical conditions affect the frequency of toxic samples. Moreover, fish weight is not a good predictor of fish toxicity. For toxic benthic dinoflagellates, Gambierdiscus spp. were observed to have the lowest cell density count among other dinoflagellates averaging 7-115 cells per 100 g macroalgae. On the other hand, Ostreopsis spp. had the highest average cell density of 118-1,455 cells per 100 g macroalgae, followed by Prorocentrum spp. (207-594 cells per 100 g macroalgae). Fish toxicity is directly proportional to the occurrence of benthic dinoflagellates in areas as seen during dry season. Monitoring and management of CFP on identified reef fish vectors and its causative benthic dinoflagellates in the area are necessary to promote food safety and fair trade practice.
    Description: National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Health ; Ciguatoxin ; Gambierdiscus ; toxic reef fish ; Visayan sea ; Sibuyan sea
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 19-29
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  • 2
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    Heavy Metal Contamination in Water and Fishery Resources in Manila Bay Aquaculture Farms (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/26985 | 25026 | 2020-03-05 01:35:33 | 26985 | National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Philippines
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: Heavy metals (HM) are high-atomic weight elements hazardous at very low concentrations. Despite the health risk HM contamination brings, studies conducted were only confined to the offshore and marine portions of the bay. Hence, this study was conducted to establish baseline information and compare the spatial and seasonal distribution of heavy metal contamination in water and fishery resources in aquaculture farms and coastal areas in Manila Bay. Water and major aquaculture commodities were collected in November 2014, February 2015 and April 2015 and were analyzed for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) using the following methods: (1) Graphite Furnace Atomizer-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GFA-AAS) for Pb and Cd and (2) Mercury Vaporizing Unit-AAS (MVU-AAS) for Hg. Cd (Bataan, Cavite, Bulacan, and Pampanga) and Hg (Cavite and Pampanga) in water were found significantly higher during the dry season (p 〈 0.05). In contrast, Pb in water was relatively higher during the wet season but levels were not significantly different with those in the dry. Several sites in Bataan, Bulacan, and Cavite, exceeded DENR regulatory limits for Pb and Hg in water by 1.35 to 1.8%. As for the fishery commodities, 2/12 milkfish samples and 1/9 exceeded regulatory limit for Pb in finfish (0.3 mg/kg) by 1.03 to 3.57% while 1/12 milkfish samples and 1/13 oyster samples exceeded the limit for Hg in bivalves (0.5 mg/kg) by 0.45 to 0.75%.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Management ; Pollution ; Heavy Metals ; Aquaculture ; Manila Bay
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 74-97
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  • 3
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    Spatial and Seasonal Nutrient Trends in Manila Bay Aquaculture Farms (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/26984 | 25026 | 2020-03-05 01:26:54 | 26984 | National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Philippines
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-24
    Description: Sampling was done in duplicates during dry (May 2014 and February 2015) and wet season (September 2014 and November 2014) following the blocking scheme for the nutrient trends. As for the nutrient loading, water samples were collected in three ponds after flooding (water intrusion) and prior to draining (water release). Colorimetric analyses by UV-Vis Spectroscopy following the US EPA standard methods were used to determine the samples’ nutrient levels specifically, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphorus. Results showed that ammonia had the highest levels followed by phosphorus, nitrate, and nitrite. Geographically, higher concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus were observed in Eastern Bulacan aquaculture farms, which is attributed to the farmers’ disregard of the important pond preparation activities. Varying seasonal trends were noted among nutrient species due to the different reactions of each analyte under changing climatic conditions. Nutrient levels in sediments were several folds higher than that in the water column. Results of correlation analyses of nutrients in water and sediments showed: a) a good correlation for phosphorus, b) weak correlation for ammonia, and c) no correlation for nitrites and nitrates, implying that sediments maybe a possible contributor of phosphorus and ammonia in water but not nitrite and nitrate. Ammonia and TKN were significantly higher during the flooding suggesting that water coming in to the pond already contains high levels of said nutrients possibly due to higher organic load. Conversely, nitrite and nitrate levels were significantly higher during the draining suggesting transformation of ammonia into these less toxic substances by nitrifying bacteria.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Oceanography ; Aquaculture ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Manila Bay
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 39-73
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