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  • Nature Publishing Group  (16)
  • American Meteorological Society  (13)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 2020-2022  (15)
  • 1930-1934  (19)
Collection
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photography on Copper. (1930)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 126 (1930), S. 279-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE interesting observation recorded by Dr. C. J. Smithells in Nature of July 26 is not new. During the course of a long series of experiments on ‘metal colouring’ at the Birmingham Technical College about thirty years ago, it was found that copper articles, which had been coloured by immersion ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/126279d0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Esperanto in Scientific Literature. (1932)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 129 (1932), S. 170-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FOLLOWING Mr. Morris-Owen's letter in NATURE of Dec. 5 regarding the use of Esperanto in scientific literature, readers who are interested, as I am, in meteorology, may like to know that, for several years, the Aerological Laboratory of Tateno (Japan) has issued its yearly reports in Esperanto. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/129170d0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of Specific Bacterial Polysaccharides by a Species of Myxobacterium (1933)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 132 (1933), S. 604-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DURING the course of work carried out to determine the nature of the carbohydrate groupings that are associated with immunological specificity in bacterial antigens, the action of certain micro-organisms on the purified specific polysaccharide of B. dysenteriœ, Shiga, was investigated. We ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/132604a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
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    On the Temperature-Regulatory Function of "Spontaneous" Activity in the Mouse (1933)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1933-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    WRF Modeling of Deep Convection and Hail for Wind Power Applications (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-01
    Description: Deep convection and the related occurrence of hail, intense precipitation, and wind gusts represent a hazard to a range of energy infrastructure including wind turbine blades. Wind turbine blade leading-edge erosion (LEE) is caused by the impact of falling hydrometeors onto rotating wind turbine blades. It is a major source of wind turbine maintenance costs and energy losses from wind farms. In the U.S. southern Great Plains (SGP), where there is widespread wind energy development, deep convection and hail events are common, increasing the potential for precipitation-driven LEE. A 25-day Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulation conducted at convection-permitting resolution and using a detailed microphysics scheme is carried out for the SGP to evaluate the effectiveness in modeling the wind and precipitation conditions relevant to LEE potential. WRF output for these properties is evaluated using radar observations of precipitation (including hail) and reflectivity, in situ wind speed measurements, and wind power generation. This research demonstrates some skill for the primary drivers of LEE. Wind speeds, rainfall rates, and precipitation totals show good agreement with observations. The occurrence of precipitation during power-producing wind speeds is also shown to exhibit fidelity. Hail events frequently occur during periods when wind turbines are rotating and are especially important to LEE in the SGP. The presence of hail is modeled with a mean proportion correct of 0.77 and an odds ratio of 4.55. Further research is needed to demonstrate sufficient model performance to be actionable for the wind energy industry, and there is evidence for positive model bias in cloud reflectivity.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 6
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    Multiple Environmental Influences on the Lightning of Cold-Based Continental Cumulonimbus Clouds. Part I: Description and Validation of Model (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-29
    Description: In this two-part paper, influences from environmental factors on lightning in a convective storm are assessed with a model. In Part I, an electrical component is described and applied in the Aerosol-Cloud model (AC). AC treats many types of secondary (e.g. breakup in ice-ice collisions, raindrop-freezing fragmentation, rime-splintering) and primary (heterogeneous, homogeneous freezing) ice initiation. AC represents lightning flashes with a statistical treatment of branching from a fractal law constrained by video imagery. The storm simulated is from the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS, 19/20 June 2000). The simulation was validated microphysically (e.g., ice/droplet concentrations and mean sizes, liquid water content [LWC], reflectivity, surface precipitation) and dynamically (e.g., ascent) in our 2017 paper. Predicted ice concentrations (~10 L-1) agreed—to within a factor of about two—with aircraft data at flight levels (−10 to −15 °C). Here, electrical statistics of the same simulation are compared with observations. Flash rates (to within a factor of two), triggering altitudes and polarity of flashes, and electric fields, agree with STEPS observations. The ‘normal’ tripole of charge structure observed during an electrical balloon sounding is reproduced by AC. It is related to reversal of polarity of non-inductive charging in ice-ice collisions seen in lab experiments when temperature or LWC are varied. Positively charged graupel and negatively charged snow at most mid-levels, charged away from the fastest updrafts, is predicted to cause the normal tripole. Total charge separated in the simulated storm is dominated by collisions involving secondary ice from fragmentation in graupel-snow collisions.
    Print ISSN: 0022-4928
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0469
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 7
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    A hybrid differential-ensemble linear forecast model for 4D-Var (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-19
    Description: A key component of the 4D-Var data assimilation method used widely for numerical weather prediction is the linear forecast model, which is approximately tangent-linear to the forecast model. Traditionally this has been based on differentiating the forecast model, though recently some authors have experimented with an ensemble regression technique, the ‘localised ensemble tangent linear model’ (LETLM). We propose a hybrid of the two, in which a simplified conventional tangent-linear model (for example, just the dynamical core) is used together with an LETLM-like adjustment every time step to account for the remaining processes (in this example, the parameterised physics). This is much cheaper than the LETLM, and in tests using the Met Office’s linear model performs considerably better than either a pure LETLM (with a very large ensemble) or the existing linear model.
    Print ISSN: 0027-0644
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0493
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 8
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    Sensitivity of Wind Turbine Array Downstream Effects to the Parameterization Used in WRF (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-01
    Description: The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model has been extensively used for wind energy applications, and current releases include a scheme that can be applied to examine the effects of wind turbine arrays on the atmospheric flow and electricity generation from wind turbines. Herein we present a high-resolution simulation using two different wind farm parameterizations: 1) the “Fitch” parameterization that is included in WRF releases and 2) the recently developed Explicit Wake Parameterization (EWP) scheme. We compare the schemes using a single yearlong simulation for a domain centered on the highest density of current turbine deployments in the contiguous United States (Iowa). Pairwise analyses are applied to diagnose the downstream wake effects and impact of wind turbine arrays on near-surface climate conditions. On average, use of the EWP scheme results in small-magnitude wake effects within wind farm arrays and faster recovery of full WT array wakes. This in turn leads to smaller impacts on near-surface climate variables and reduced array–array interactions, which at a systemwide scale lead to summertime capacity factors (i.e., the electrical power produced relative to nameplate installed capacity) that are 2%–3% higher than those from the more commonly applied Fitch parameterization. It is currently not possible to make recommendations with regard to which wind farm parameterization exhibits higher fidelity or to draw inferences with regard to whether the relative performance may vary with prevailing climate conditions and/or wind turbine deployment configuration. However, the sensitivities documented herein to the wind farm parameterization are of sufficient magnitude to potentially influence wind turbine array siting decisions. Thus, our research findings imply high value in undertaking combined long-term high-fidelity observational studies in support of model validation and verification.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 9
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    Empirical formulation for multiple groups of primary biological ice nucleating particles from field observations over Amazonia (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-12
    Description: To resolve the various types of biological ice nuclei (IN) with atmospheric models, an extension of the empirical parameterization (EP) (Phillips et al. 2008; 2013) is proposed to predict the active IN from multiple groups of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs). Our approach is to utilize coincident observations of PBAP sizes, concentrations, biological composition, and ice-nucleating ability. The parameterization organizes the PBAPs into five basic groups: fungal spores, bacteria, pollen, viral particles, plant/animal detritus, algae, and their respective fragments. This new biological component of the EP was constructed by fitting predicted concentrations of PBAP IN to those observed at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site located in the central Amazon. The fitting parameters for pollen and viral particles, plant/animal detritus, which are much less active as IN than fungal and bacterial groups, are constrained based on their ice nucleation activity from the literature. The parameterization has empirically derived dependencies on the surface area of each group (except algae), and the effects of variability in their mean sizes and number concentrations are represented via their influences on the surface area. The concentration of active algal IN is estimated from literature-based measurements.Predictions of this new biological component of the EP are consistent with previous laboratory and field observations not used in its construction. The EP scheme was implemented in a 0D parcel model. It confirms that biological IN account for most of the total IN activation at temperatures warmer than −20°C and at colder temperatures dust and soot become increasingly more important to ice nucleation.
    Print ISSN: 0022-4928
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0469
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 10
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    Ice Multiplication by Fragmentation during Quasi-Spherical Freezing of Raindrops: A Theoretical Investigation (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-24
    Description: Ice multiplication by fragmentation during collision–freezing of supercooled rain or drizzle is investigated. A zero–dimensional dynamical system describes the time evolution of number densities of supercooled drops and ice crystals in a mixed–phase cloud. The characteristic time–scale for this collision–freezing ice fragmentation is controlled by the collision efficiency, the number of ice fragments per freezing event, and the available number concentration of supercooled drops. The rate of the process is proportional to the number of supercooled drops available. Thus, ice may multiply extensively, even when the fragmentation number per freezing event is relatively small. The ratio of total numbers of ice particles to those from the first ice, namely the ‘ice–enhancement factor’, is controlled both by the number of fragments per freezing event and the available number concentration of supercooled drops in a similar manner. Especially, when ice fragmentation by freezing of supercooled drops is considered in isolation, the number of originally–existing supercooled drops multiplied by the fragmentation number per freezing event yields the eventual number of ice crystals. When supercooled drops are continuously generated by coalescence, ice crystals from freezing fragmentation also continuously increase asymptotically at a rate equal to the generation rate of supercooled drops multiplied by the fragmentation number per freezing event. All these results are expressed by simple analytical forms, thanks to the simplicity of the theoretical model. These parameters can practically be used as a means for characterizing observed mixed–phase clouds.
    Print ISSN: 0022-4928
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0469
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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