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  • Ecology  (144)
  • 2020-2022  (141)
  • 1985-1989  (1)
  • 1975-1979  (2)
  • 1
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    Genetic analysis of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) off Oregon and Washington reveals few Columbia River wild fish (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/15153 | 403 | 2014-05-29 07:09:24 | 15153 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-03
    Description: Little is known about the ocean distributions of wild juvenile coho salmon off the Oregon-Washington coast. In this study we report tag recoveries and genetic mixed-stock estimates of juvenile fish caught in coastal waters near the Columbia River plume. To support the genetic estimates, we report an allozyme-frequency baseline for 89 wild and hatchery-reared coho salmon spawning populations, extending from northern California to southern British Columbia. The products of 59 allozyme-encoding loci were examined withstarch-gel electrophoresis. Of these, 56 loci were polymorphic, and 29 loci had P0.95 levels of polymorphism. Average heterozygosities within populations ranged from 0.021 to 0.046 and averaged 0.033. Multidimensional scaling of chord genetic distances between samples resolved nine regional groups that were sufficiently distinct for geneticmixed-stock analysis. About 2.9% of the total gene diversity was due to differences among populations within these regions, and 2.6% was due to differences among the nine regions. This allele-frequency data base was used to estimate the stock proportions of 730 juvenile coho salmon in offshore samples collected from central Oregon to northern Washington in June and September-October 1998−2000. Genetic mixed-stock analysis, together with recoveries of tagged or fin-clipped fish, indicates that about one half of the juveniles came from Columbia River hatcheries. Only 22% of the ocean-caught juveniles were wild fish, originating largely from coastal Oregon and Washington rivers (about 20%). Unlike previous studies of tagged juveniles, both tag recoveries and genetic estimates indicate the presence of fish from British Columbia andPuget Sound in southern waters. The most salient feature of genetic mixed stock estimates was the paucity of wildjuveniles from natural populations in the Columbia River Basin. This result reflects the large decrease in the abundances of these populations in the last few decades.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
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    Format: 640-652
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  • 2
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    Catch rates and demographics of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) captured from the Charleston, South Carolina, shipping channel during the period of mandatory use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/8693 | 403 | 2012-06-07 14:49:10 | 8693 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Trawling was conducted in the Charleston, South Carolina,shipping channel between May and August during 2004–07 to evaluate loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) catch rates and demographic distributions. Two hundred and twenty individual loggerheads were captured in 432 trawling events during eight sampling periods lasting 2–10 days each. Catch was analyzed by using a generalized linear model. Data were fitted to a negative binomial distribution with the log of standardized sampling effort (i.e., an hour of sampling with a net head rope length standardized to 30.5 m) for each event treated as an offset term. Among 21 variables, factors, and interactions, five terms were significant in the final model, which accounted for 45% of model deviance.Highly significant differences in catch were noted among sampling periods and sampling locations within the channel, with greatest catch furthest seaward consistent with historical observations. Loggerhead sea turtle catch rates in 2004–07 were greater than in 1991–92 when mandatory useof turtle excluder devices was beginning to be phased in. Concurrent with increased catch rates, loggerheadscaptured in 2004–07 were larger than in 1991–92. Eighty-five percent of loggerheads captured were ≤75.0 cmstraight-line carapace length (nuchal notch to tip of carapace) and there was a 3.9:1 female-to-male bias, consistent with limited data for this location two decades earlier. Only juvenile loggerheads ≤75.0 cm possessed haplotypes other than CC-A01 or CC-A02 that dominate in the region. Six rare and one un-described haplotype were predominantly found in June 2004.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 98-109
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  • 3
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    Caribbean corals in crisis: record thermal stress, bleaching, and mortality in 2005 (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/11305 | 9 | 2020-10-12 13:47:59 | 11305 | Central Caribbean Marine Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: Background:The rising temperature of the world’s oceans has become a major threat to coral reefs globally as the severityand frequency of mass coral bleaching and mortality events increase. In 2005, high ocean temperatures in the tropicalAtlantic and Caribbean resulted in the most severe bleaching event ever recorded in the basin.Methodology/Principal Findings:Satellite-based tools provided warnings for coral reef managers and scientists, guiding both the timing and location of researchers’ field observations as anomalously warm conditions developed and spread across the greater Caribbean region from June to October 2005. Field surveys of bleaching and mortality exceeded prior efforts in detail and extent, and provided a new standard for documenting the effects of bleaching and for testing nowcast and forecast products. Collaborators from 22 countries undertook the most comprehensive documentation of basin-scale bleaching to date and found that over 80% of corals bleached and over 40% died at many sites. The most severe bleaching coincided with waters nearest a western Atlantic warm pool that was centered off the northern end of the Lesser Antilles.Conclusions/Significance:Thermal stress during the 2005 event exceeded any observed from the Caribbean in the prior 20 years, and regionally-averaged temperatures were the warmest in over 150 years. Comparison of satellite data against field surveys demonstrated a significant predictive relationship between accumulated heat stress (measured using NOAA CoralReef Watch’s Degree Heating Weeks) and bleaching intensity. This severe, widespread bleaching and mortality willundoubtedly have long-term consequences for reef ecosystems and suggests a troubled future for tropical marine ecosystems under a warming climate
    Description: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program
    Description: Article Nr: e13969
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Caribbean Sea ; coral reefs ; bleaching ; climate change ; temperature effects ; CCMI
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 4
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    Spotted Seals, Phoca largha, in Alaska (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/9823 | 403 | 2012-08-16 14:24:30 | 9823 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: The worldwide literature on management of spotted seals, Phoca largha, was reviewed and updated, and aerial surveys weref lown in 1992 and 1993 to determine the species' distribution and abundance in U.S. waters. In April, spotted seals were found only in the Bering Sea ice front. In June, they were seen along deteriorating ice floes and fast ice in Norton Sound. Surveys along most of Alaska's western coast in August and September found over 2,500 spotted seals in Kuskokwim Bay and concentrations of 100-400 seals around Nunivak Island, Scammon Bay, Golovnin Bay/Norton Sound, Cape Espenberg/Kotzebue Sound, and Kasegaluk Lagoon. All of these sites have been used by spotted seals in the past. The sum of the highest counts, irrespective of year, was 3,570 seals (CV =0.06). This is not an abundance estimate for all spotted seals in the Bering Sea, because it does not account for animals in the water, and we did not survey the Asian coast and some islands. Also, spotted seals and harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, are too similar in appearance to be identified accurately from the air, so our results probably include a mix of these species where their ranges overlap.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards a science of sustainable upland management in developing countries (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Sustainable development ; Ecology ; Agroecosystems ; Field research ; Statistical reliability ; Southeast Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Farmers attempting to subsist in tropical uplands often rely upon unsustainable resource use practices that lead to soil erosion, declining crop yields, and a loss of soil productivity capacity. Other uses of tropical uplands, including logging and conversion of forest to rangelands, have similar results. The undesirable effects of these actions are felt on-site, at the watershed level, and even nationally. Ecological cause-effect relationships are poorly understood, and few examples exist of the successful integration of ecological knowledge with upland development. It is hypothesized that recent results of ecological research could be applied to uplands management so that stable sustainable systems of human use may be established. A second hypothesis is that statistically reliable data can be obtained from experiments in upland situations, although natural variations of soils, weather, and vegetation are great. To test these hypotheses, research involving multinational collaboration among American and Southeast Asian scientists has begun. The objective of the work is to provide credible quantitative information to help policy and decision makers and resident farmers to plan and implement improved practices based on ecological principles. Some findings to date include: 1. Ecological principles are difficult to relate to the practical context of upland agroecosystems. Indeed, the null hypothesis is necessary for planning experiments and demonstrations. 2. The “signal-to-noise” ratio in these field experiments is low, and the detection of changes due to human intervention in soil erosion, nutrient movement, and plant productivity is difficult. 3. Obstacles to field research in developing countries include logistic, cultural, political, and institutional factors. It is essential that local land managers participate from the start with scientific researchers in designing experiments. 4. Planned collaboration among academic and government scientists facilitates design of relevant research and the implementation of results. 5. The idea of ecologically based management has been well received by researchers and government officials in Asia. There is little argument with the logic of the approach. 6. Pressures for quick responses to urgent problems in the uplands conflict with the need for careful, long-term, statistically valid scientific research. 7. Ecological principles are vaguely understood and poorly articulated in the scientific literature. The transfer and application of ecological science to the developing world would be enhanced by clearer statements of principles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867586
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions to the Biology of freshwater planarians (Turbellaria) from the Victorian Alps, Australia (1979)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 62 (1979), S. 137-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Planarians ; Triclads ; Ecology ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ten species of freshwater planarians known from Victoria, including one new species, are briefly reviewed. Detailed field and laboratory studies of six of these have been made and a close correlation between seasonal variation in numbers and viability at different laboratory temperatures is demonstrated. Thus Spathula camara and Reynoldsonia reynoldsoni inhabit temporary habitats that experience wide temperature fluctuations and these two species survive equally well in the laboratory at a wide range of temperatures. In contrast Spathula tryssa appears stenothermal in habitat and in the laboratory cannot tolerate even a small temperature increase. Cura pinguis and Dugesia (Girardia) sp. also show wide temperature tolerance both in terms of abundance in the field and viability studies in the laboratory. Spathula agelaea sp. nov. is unusual in that it shows two annual peaks in abundance and also exhibits aggregatory and cannibalistic behaviour that may be involved in population regulation. Aspects of the distribution, abundance, and life cycle, of all the species are discussed in relation to what is known generally of planarian ecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037507
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parent-touching behavior by young fishes: incidence, function and causation (1979)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 4 (1979), S. 389-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Ecology ; Endocrinology ; Epidermis ; Evolution ; Feeding ; Motivation ; Ontogeny ; Parental behavior ; Physiology ; Prolactin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Parent-touching behavior by young fishes occurs in a number of species. Most reports have been from the family Cichlidae, but this may reflect the major concentration of studies on these species. The behavior appears to serve a trophic function in many species, but may also serve to maintain cohesion of family groups, to keep adults in a parental state, or to communicate the motivational state of the young (e.g. fear, hunger). It has been suggested that prolactin may regulate the behavior and epidermal mucus condition in parental fish involved in such behavior, but the evidence is not conclusive. There appear to be similarities between cases of parent-touching as a trophic behavior, and mucus- and/or scale-feeding by cleaning symbionts or predators. Studies of this behavior hold promise for investigating interrelationships between endocrinology and behavior, and ecology and behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00005529
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  • 8
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    Sea surface temperature and the subsequent freshwater survival rate of some salmon stocks: a surprising link between the climate of land and sea (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14469 | 8 | 2014-02-14 00:44:32 | 14469
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Previous consideration of the relationship between climate and the survival rate of Pacific salmon eggs and fry has been confined to effects of large variation in the ambient freshwater environment; e.g., stream discharge, temperature, turbidity. This analysis shows sea surface temperatures during the last year of life of maturing adult salmon are also strongly associated with the subsequent survival rate of salmon eggs and fry is fresh water, presumably through development of the future eggs or sperm. In several stocks of three species of North American salmon, the association between the "marine" climate and egg survival is stronger than, or additive to, any estimated climatic association in fresh water. This apparent and surprising link between fresh water and the distant ocean has some interesting and complex implications for management of future salmon production.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Oceanography ; PACLIM
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 9
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    Temporal trends (2000–2011) and influences on fishery-independent catch rates for loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at an important coastal foraging region in the southeastern United States (2021)
    In:  arendtm@dnr.sc.gov | http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14489 | 403 | 2014-02-13 04:28:13 | 14489 | United States National Marine Fisheries Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: Seasonal trawling was conducted randomly in coastal (depths of 4.6–17 m) waters from St. Augustine, Florida, (29.9°N) to Winyah Bay, South Carolina (33.1°N), during 2000–03, 2008–09, and 2011 to assess annual trends in the relative abundance of sea turtles. A total of 1262 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were captured in 23% (951) of 4207 sampling events. Capture rates (overall and among prevalent 5-cm size classes) were analyzed through the use of a generalized linear model with log link function for the 4097 events that had complete observations for all 25 model parameters. Final models explained 6.6% (70.1–75.0 cm minimum straight-line carapace length [SCLmin]) to 14.9% (75.1–80.0 cm SCLmin) of deviance in the data set. Sampling year, geographic subregion, and distance from shore were retained as significant terms in all final models, and these terms collectively accounted for 6.2% of overallmodel deviance (range: 4.5–11.7% of variance among 5-cm size classes). We retained 18 parameters only in a subset of final models: 4 as exclusively significant terms, 5 as a mixture of significant or nonsignificant terms, and 9 as exclusively nonsignificant terms. Four parameters also were dropped completely from all final models. The generalized linear model proved appropriate for monitoring trends for this data set that was laden with zero values for catches and was compiled for a globally protected species. Because we could not account for much model deviance, metrics other than those examined in our study may better explain catch variability and, once elucidated, their inclusion in the generalized linear model should improve model fits.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Fisheries
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    Format: 470-483
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  • 10
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    Bartonella species detection in captive, stranded and free-ranging cetaceans (2021)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/14906 | 403 | 2014-03-10 18:43:53 | 14906 | United States National Ocean Service
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: We present prevalence of Bartonella spp. for multiple cohorts of wild and captive cetaceans. One hundred and six cetaceans including 86 bottlenose dolphins (71 free-ranging, 14 captive in a facility with a dolphin experiencing debility of unknown origin, 1 stranded), 11 striped dolphins, 4 harbor porpoises, 3 Risso's dolphins, 1 dwarf sperm whale and 1 pygmy sperm whale (all stranded) were sampled. Whole blood (n = 95 live animals) and tissues (n = 15 freshly dead animals) were screened by PCR (n = 106 animals), PCR of enrichment cultures (n = 50 animals), and subcultures (n = 50 animals). Bartonella spp. were detected from 17 cetaceans, including 12 by direct extraction PCR of blood or tissues, 6 by PCR of enrichment cultures, and 4 by subculture isolation. Bartonella spp. were more commonly detected from the captive (6/14, 43%) than from free-ranging (2/71, 2.8%) bottlenose dolphins, and were commonly detected from the stranded animals (9/21, 43%; 3/11 striped dolphins, 3/4 harbor porpoises, 2/3 Risso's dolphins, 1/1 pygmy sperm whale, 0/1 dwarf sperm whale, 0/1 bottlenose dolphin). Sequencing identified a Bartonella spp. most similar to B. henselae San Antonio 2 in eight cases (4 bottlenose dolphins, 2 striped dolphins, 2 harbor porpoises), B. henselae Houston 1 in three cases (2 Risso's dolphins, 1 harbor porpoise), and untyped in six cases (4 bottlenose dolphins, 1 striped dolphin, 1 pygmy sperm whale). Although disease causation has not been established, Bartonella species were detected more commonly from cetaceans that were overtly debilitated or were cohabiting in captivity with a debilitated animal than from free-ranging animals. The detection of Bartonella spp. from cetaceans may be of pathophysiological concern.
    Description: Article includes 8 pages.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Fisheries ; Management
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
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    Format: 59
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