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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Populus chitinase genes: structure, organization, and similarity of translated sequences to herbaceous plant chitinases (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 631-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cottonwood ; gene family ; phylogeny ; systemic response ; wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Poplar trees have at least two different chitinase genes, win6 and win8, which are systemically wound-inducible and belong to multigene families [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7895–7899]. On one genomic clone that we have partially sequenced, there are three win6 genes which are transcriptionally oriented in the same direction. Between two of the win6 genes is a gene that we have designated chitinase X (chiX), which appears to be a pseudogene belonging to a multigene family distinct from win6 and win8. The win6 and chiX genes we have sequenced contain two AT-rich introns that correspond in location to those in a basic chitinase gene from tobacco. The predicted Win6 proteins have a putative signal peptide, a cysteine-rich ‘hevein’ domain, a hinge region, and a catalytic domain as described in Shinshi et al. [Plant Mol Biol 14: 357–368]. The predicted Win8 protein, by contrast, completely lacks a hinge region. Both Win6 and Win8 are expected to be highly acidic (with a calculated net charge of −15 to −17), whereas ChiX proteins are likely to be basic. Based on an inferred phylogeny, the catalytic domain of ChiX is more closely related to the basic chitinases of herbaceous plants than are either Win6 or Win8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037049
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural immunolocalization of actin in a fungus (1991)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 163 (1991), S. 199-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actin ; Freeze substitution ; Fungi ; Hyphal tip ; Immunocytochemistry ; Magnaporthe grisea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have successfully localized fungal actin for the first time using immuno-electron microscopy and hyphal tips of the rice blast pathogenMagnaporthe grisea. Following ultrarapid freezing, samples were processed in a novel substitution fluid of 10% acrolein in anhydrous ethanol and embedded in LR White resin. A monoclonal anti-actin antibody, previously shown to recognizeM. grisea actin, bound specifically to filasomes concentrated in the peripheral cytoplasm of subapical regions, and to the core-region of the Spitzenkörper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323344
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adhesion of fungal spores and germlings to host plant surfaces (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 181 (1994), S. 202-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungal adhesion ; Appressoria ; Plant disease ; Cochliobolus heterostrophus ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Nectria haematococca ; Uromyces spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Firm adhesion of fungal plant pathogens to their hosts is critical at several stages in the host-parasite interaction. Spores of many fungal species are capable of rapid, non-specific attachment to various surfaces. This early adhesion, which often occurs well before germ tube emergence, prevents spores from being blown or washed from the host surface before infection can take place. Adhesion is critical for proper sensing of topographic signals involved in thigmotropic responses and for differentiation and function of appressoria. Four fungal pathogens which exhibit a variety of adhesion mechanisms have been selected for discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666396
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actin in penetration pegs of the fungal rice blast pathogen,Magnaporthe grisea (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 168 (1992), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Appressoria ; Freeze substitution ; Immunofluorescence ; Plant disease ; Phalloidin ; Pyricularia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The penetration peg is the structure used byMagnaporthe grisea to pierce the surface of rice leaves or very hard nonbiodegradable substrates. Penetration pegs produced by appressoria in vitro were examined by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy using various fluorophore labeled anti-actins. Freeze-substitution preparation of appressoria at early stages of substrate penetration showed that peg cytoplasm consisted primarily of a zone of exclusion, excluding even ribosomes, and was continuous with a similar region in the appressorium. Apical vesicles were, however, observed in short, presumably elongating pegs. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to demonstrate binding of a monoclonal anti-actin to penetration peg cytoplasm, following “permeabilization” of appressoria by means of a brief sonication. Occasional filaments and ca. 300 nm diameter plaques were labeled in appressorial cytoplasm. Western blot analysis of germ tube extracts showed that the monoclonal probe bound predominantly to a single band with a molecular weight similar to that of rabbit muscle actin. Preincubation of the antibody with actin virtually eliminated peg labeling. We conclude that the penetration peg contains actin which may play a role in the formation of the zone of exclusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01332647
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of parental reaction to student grades (1991)
    Springer
    Higher education 22 (1991), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Factor analysis of questionnaire responses produced by over 6,000 individuals revealed parental reactions to good and bad grades grouped themselves into five categories: (1) Grades are important to me; bad ones lead to negative consequences; (2) Good grades are important to me, but I will support you regardless of grade; (3) Bad grades make me mad; (4) Do your best, but there is more to life than grades; and (5) Grades are important; you will know how I feel on the basis of a joking comment. When these patterns were related to reports of specific student actions in college, such as getting good grades, dropping a course, or cheating on an examination, results indicated only a few significant negative correlations, and only for students whose parents reacted to bad grades in a negative emotional way; i.e., in terms of categories 1 and 3. More benign reactions - categories 2, 4, and 5 - did not correlate either positively or negatively with student actions or grades. Results were taken to suggest that parental reactions to grades are not only attempts at changing student behavior but also may be viewed as emotional responses expressing personal needs and values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02351198
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rotation rates of small magnetic features from two- and one-dimensional cross-correlation analyses (1993)
    Springer
    Solar physics 145 (1993), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present results of an analysis of 628 high-resolution magnetograms taken daily with the NSO Vacuum Telescope on Kitt Peak from 1975 to 1991. Motions in longitude on the solar surface are determined by a two-dimensional cross-correlation analysis of consecutive day pairs. We find that the measured rotation rate of small magnetic features, i.e., excluding active regions, is in excellent agreement with the results of the previous one-dimensional analysis of the same data (Komm, Howard, and Harvey, 1993). The polynomial fits show magnetic torsional oscillations, i.e., a more rigid rotation during cycle maximum and a more differential rotation during cycle minimum, but with smaller amplitudes than the one-dimensional analysis. The full width at half maximum of the cross-correlations is almost constant over latitude which shows that the active regions are effectively excluded. The agreement between the one- and two-dimensional cross-correlation analyses shows that the two different techniques are consistent and that the large-scale motions can be divided into rotational and meridional components that are not affected by each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627979
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A portable multi-flash kinetic fluorimeter for measurement of donor and acceptor reactions of Photosystem 2 in leaves of intact plants under field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 26 (1990), S. 181-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Kinetic Fluorimeter ; PS 2 ; two electron gate ; oxygen evolving complex ; S-states ; intact leaves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A newly-developed field-portable multi-flash kinetic fluorimeter for measuring the kinetics of the microsecond to millisecond reactions of the oxidizing and reducing sides of photosystem 2 in leaves of intact plants is described and demonstrated. The instrumental technique is a refinement of that employed in the ‘double-flash’ kinetic fluorimeter (Joliot 1974 Biochim Biophys Acta 357: 439–448) where a low-intensity short-duration light pulse is used to measure the fluorescence yield changes following saturating single-turnover light pulses. The present instrument uses a rapid series of short-duration (2 μs) pulses to resolve a complete microsecond to millisecond time-scale kinetic trace of fluorescence yield changes after each actinic flash. Differential optics, using a matrix of optical fibers, allow very high sensitivity (noise levels about 0.05% Fmax) thus eliminating the need for signal averaging, and greatly reducing the intensity of light required to make a measurement. Consequently, the measuring pulses have much less actinic effect and an entire multi-point trace (seven points) excites less than 1% of the reaction centers in a leaf. In addition, bu combining the actinic and measuring pulse light in the optical fiber network, the tail of the actinic flash can be compensated for, allowing measurements of events as rapidly as 20 μs after the actinic flash. This resolution makes practical the routine measurement of the microsecond turnover kinetics of the oxygen evolving complex in leaves of intact plants in the field. The instrument is demonstrated by observing flash number dependency and inhibitor sensitivity of the induction and decay kinetics of flash-induced fluorescence transients in leaves of intact plants. From these traces the period-two oscillations associated with the turnover of the two-electron gate and the period-four oscillations associated with the turnover of the oxygen evolving complex can be observed. Applications of the instrument to extending our knowledge of chloroplast function to the whole plant, the effects on plants of environmental stress, herbicides, etc, and possible applications to screening of mutants are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033131
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic relationships of Manihot species revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cassava ; Manihot ; RFLP ; phylogenetic relationships ; multilocus probes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two cloned cassava genes (pCAS6, pHNL) and a barley gene (pBLT63) which is highly conserved in higher plants, were evaluated as potential multilocus probes for RFLP analysis of phylogenetic relationships of species within the genus Manihot. For M. rubricaulis, M. chlorosticta and M. esculenta subsp. flabellifolia dendrograms based on 13 probe-restriction enzyme combinations show very little variation between accessions of the same species. A close relationship is demonstrated between the Mexican species M. chlorosticta and the M. esculenta subsp. flabellifolia accessions, which does not support the classification of flabellifolia as a true South American wild species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022167
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eicosanoids mediate control of thermoregulatory sweating in the cicada, Tibicen dealbatus (Insecta: Homoptera) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1994), S. 278-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Thermoregulation ; Prostaglandins ; Eicosanoids ; Body temperature ; Cicada, Tibicen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cicadas prevent body temperature from exceeding tolerable levels by a combination of behavioral responses and sweating. Sweating is activated when body temperature reaches a critical set-point temperature. We investigated control of sweating in the cicada, Tibicen dealbatus, by chemically manipulating biosynthesis of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Injecting prostaglandins in amounts equal to those that induce behavioral fever in scorpions and crustaceans resulted in only a small increase in set-point temperature. Blocking prostaglandin biosynthesis with cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors such as aspirin produced significant changes in set-point temperature, confirming that prostaglandins are involved in control of sweating. However, the effect of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors was not the opposite of the effect of prostaglandins. Instead, the effect of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors depended strongly on the value of setpoint temperature prior to treatment. Results of biochemical manipulations of other steps in eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways corroborated the results of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition and indicated that eicosanoids other than prostaglandins may be involved in control of body temperature in normothermic T. dealbatus. The effect of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors on a given set-point temperature depended on the ambient temperature experienced by cicadas during the experiment. Surprisingly, cicadas exposed to ambient temperatures ≥40°C delayed activation of sweating until body temperature exceeded values normally recorded from T. dealbatus in the field. Control of body temperature in normothermic cicadas is thus complex, involving inputs from body temperature sensors, ambient temperature sensors, and at least two cyclo-oxygenase-dependent regulatory pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346443
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solar surface velocity fields determined from small magnetic features (1990)
    Springer
    Solar physics 130 (1990), S. 295-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a method for the analysis of magnetic data taken daily at the Vacuum Telescope at Kitt Peak. In this technique, accurate position differences of very small magnetic features on the solar surface outside active regions are determined from one day to the next by a cross-correlation analysis. In order to minimize systematic errors, a number of corrections are applied to the data for effects originating in the instrument and in the Earth's atmosphere. The resulting maps of solar latitude vs central meridian distance are cross-correlated from one day to the next to determine daily motions in longitude and latitude. Some examples of rotation and meridional motion results are presented. For the months of May 1988 and October–November 1987, we find rotation coefficients A = 2.894 ± 0.011, B = - 0.428 ± 0.070, and C = -0.370 ± 0.077 in μrad s−1 from the expansion ω = A + B sin2φ + C sin4φ, where φ is the latitude. The differential rotation curve for this interval is essentially flat within 20 deg of the equator in these intervals. For the same intervals we find a poleward meridional motion a = 16.0 ± 2.8 m sec -1 from the relation v = a sinφ, where v is the line-of-sight velocity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00156795
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