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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 5875-5877 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic anisotropy is a difficult topic to describe by electronic structure theory. The results of ab initio calculations for iron and nickel are disappointing, especially since these calculations require high numerical precision and are very time consuming. For iron the value of the energy is too small by a factor of 3, while for nickel the sign is wrong and the value is too small by a factor of 5. The local density approximation can be improved by adding corrections that mimic the inclusion of Hund's second rule. This is equivalent to increasing the effective spin–orbit parameter. For iron a small increase in the effective spin–orbit parameter is sufficient to reconcile theory and experiment. For nickel, this is not possible. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 1936-1938 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: X-ray imaging of electromigration in a passivated Cu interconnect was performed with 100-nm spatial resolution. A time sequence of 200 images, recorded with the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility x-ray microscope in 2.2 h at 4 keV photon energy, visualizes the mass flow of Cu at current densities up to 2×107 A/cm2. Due to the high penetration power through matter and the element specific image contrast, x-ray microscopy is a unique tool for time-resolved, quantitative mass transport measurements in interconnects. Model calculations predict that failures in operating microprocessors are detectable with 30 nm resolution by nanotomography. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Both experimental and analytical investigations were conducted to study crack initiation and growth of small cracks, near-threshold growth behavior of large cracks at constant R-ratio/decreasing ΔK and constant Kmax/decreasing ΔK, respectively, for 9310 steel. The results showed that a pronounced small-crack effect was not observed even at R = −1, small cracks initiated by a slip mechanism at strong slip sites. Worst-case near-threshold testing results for large cracks under several Kmax values showed that an effect of Kmax on the near-threshold behavior does not exist in the present investigation. A worst-case near-threshold test for a large crack, i.e. constant Kmax/decreasing ΔK test, can give a conservative prediction of growth behavior of naturally initiated small cracks. Using the worst-case near-threshold data for a large crack and crack-tip constraint factor equations defined in the paper, Newman's total fatigue-life prediction method was improved. The fatigue lives predicted by the improved method were in reasonable agreement with the experiments. A three-dimensional (3D) weight function method was used to calculate stress-intensity factors for a surface crack at a notch of the present SENT specimen (with r/w = 1/8) by using a finite-element reference solution. The results were verified by limited finite-element solutions, and agreed well with those calculated by Newman's stress-intensity factor equations when the stress concentration factor of the present specimen was used in the equations.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 54 (1967), S. 542-542 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 54 (1967), S. 591-592 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 6 (1968), S. 335-337 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia and a deficiency at the long arm of a D-chromosome in all bone marrow cells but otherwise normal karyotype is reported. The altered stemline seems to represent a pathological clone dominating the bone marrow. Various disorders of the myeloproliferative syndrome exhibiting a similar chromosome aberration reported by other authors as well as the case described here may form a common aetiological entity.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 8 (1969), S. 230-241 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fibroblastenkulturen von weiblichen und männlichen Tieren der Erdmaus Microtus agrestis wurden mit Röntgenstrahlen von 250 R bestrahlt, um Aufschluß über Verteilung und Häufigkeit strahleninduzierter Chromosomenaberrationen im Eu- und Heterochromatin zu erhalten, und zwar insbesondere unter dem Aspekt der Selektion über einen längeren Zeitraum. Die Kulturen wurden zwischen 12 Std und 42 Tagen nach Bestrahlung abgebrochen. An Chromosomenaberrationen fanden sich dizentrische Chromosomen, Ringchromosomen und Deletionen. Die Aberrationsraten waren 12 Std nach Bestrahlung mit 31,5% beim Weibchen und 25,9% beim Männchen gegenüber 1,9% in den Kontrollkulturen deutlich erhöht. Diese Raten sanken während des weiteren Beobachtungszeitraums langsam ab. Die Lokalisation der Brüche ergab 12 Std nach Bestrahlung eine annähernd gleichmäßige Verteilung über das gesamte Chromosom; zu späteren Beobachtungszeitpunkten bilden sich über einzelnen Chromosomenabschnitten Bruchmaxima aus. Faßt man jeweils die Brüche auf den euchromatischen und heterochromatischen Abschnitten zusammen, so ergibt sich 12 Std nach Bestrahlung ein Bruchverhältnis von Euchromatin zu Heterochromatin wie 1:3, was umgerechnet auf gleiche Längenanteile wiederum einer Zufallsverteilung entspricht. Mit fortschreitender Kulturdauer sinken die Bruchraten im Euchromatin sehr viel rascher ab als im Heterochromatin, was zu einer deutlichen Verschiebung des Bruchverhältnisses zugunsten des Heterochromatins führt. Beim Weibchen liegt das Verhältnis, bezogen auf gleiche Längenanteile, nach 42 Tagen bei 1:4,5 und beim Männchen nach 23 Tagen bei 1:5,7. Dieser Selektionsvorteil von Zellen mit Chromosomenbrüchen im Heterochromatin gegenüber im Euchromatin geschädigten Zellen bestätigt die These, daß der Verlust heterochromatischer Abschnitte nicht zu einer Beeinträchtigung der Zellfunktion führen muß, d. h., daß das Heterochromatin für die Funktion der Zelle nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt.
    Notes: Summary Fibroblast cultures from male and female field voles, Microtus agrestis, were exposed to an x-irradiation of 250 R in order to obtain data on the distribution and frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in eu- and heterochromatin, especially under the aspect of selection over a longer period of observation. The cultures were harvested between 12 h and 42 days after exposure. Chromosonal aberrations, such as dicentrics, rings and deletions, were observed in the following frequencies: 12 h after irradiation 31,5% in female and 25,9% in male cultures against only 1,9% in the control cultures. Further observation exhibited a slow decrease in the percentage of aberrations. The localisation of the breaks (deletions) 12 h after irradiation showed an approximately random distribution over the whole chromosome. At the later observation period the development of breakage maxima on some chromosome parts was observed. Compiling the breaks in the euchromatic and heterochromatic regions respectively a breakage ratio of 1:3 was observed 12 h after irradiation; this, when related to equal proportions of chromosomal length, corresponds again to a random distribution. At the later observation period cells with breaks in the euchromatin disappear much faster than cells damaged in the heterochromatin, which alters the breakage ratio in favor of the heterochromatin 42 days after irradiation, the female shows a ratio of 1:4,5 (again related to equal parts of chromosomal length); the male shows a ratio of 1:5,7, 23 days after irradiation. This selective advantage of cells with chromosome breaks in the heterochromatin over cells damaged in the euchromatin confirms the hypothesis, that loss of heterochromatic portions of a chromosome must not lead to impairment of cell growth, i.e., the heterochromatin plays only a subordinate role in the cell function.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computational mechanics 26 (2000), S. 459-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0924
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  The performance of a numerical method which solves flow at all speeds, and does not use any explicit artificial viscosity or damping mechanism whatsoever, is investigated by testing a number of selected cases in compressible and incompressible flows. Contrary to existing methods, the momentum components are chosen as the dependent variables instead of the velocity components in order to provide a number of advantages. Among the motivations for this change is a flow analogy which permits incompressible methods to be used to solve compressible flows. The method is formulated within a control-volume-based finite-element approach using a collocated grid arrangement. The definition of two types of mass flux components at the control volume surfaces removes the possibility of velocity-pressure decoupling in the incompressible or Euler limits. In the absence of any dissipation mechanisms, the main concern of this work is to evaluate the performance of the method and the analogy for solving high speed compressible flows with shocks. The results and performance of the present work are compared with the exact and benchmark solutions and the results of other workers who use dissipation mechanisms to solve flow at all speeds.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 66 (1965), S. 65-74 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die biologische Wirksamkeit von 4 Gibberellinsäure-Abbauprodukten (Abb. 1) wurde an mehreren Testpflanzen unter Verwendung von A3 als Standard vergleichend untersucht. Die Substanzen wurden dünnschichtchromatographisch gereinigt und auf Einheitlichkeit geprüft. Gibberellensäure. Die Mais-Zwergmutanten d-1, d-3 und d-5 reagierten auf Mindestdosen von l μg/Pflanze. Im Zwergerbsen-und Reissämlingstest zeigte sich geringere, im Lactuca-Hypokotyltest sehr schwache Wirksamkeit. Die Dunkelkeimung von Lactuca-Achänen wurde nicht stimuliert. „Dicarbonsäure A” (s. Material und Methodik). Bei Zea mays d-5 besaß die Verbindung etwa gleichstarke, bei d-1 und d-3 etwas geringere Aktivität als Gibberellensäure. Bei Erbsen und im Lactuca-Hypokotyltest wurde nur schwache, bei Reissämlingen praktisch keine Wirksamkeit festgestellt. Allogibberinsäure war bei Lactuca sativa (Hypokotylverlängerung und Dunkelkeimung) und Oryza sativa stärker wirksam als die übrigen Abbauprodukte. Die Maismutante d-5 reagierte ebenfalls relativ empfindlich; bei d-3 und d-1 zeigte sich geringere, bei Zwergerbsen nur sehr schwache Aktivität. Gibberinsäure besaß lediglich bei Zea mays d-5 in hohen Dosen (100 μg/Pflanze) eine geringe Wirksamkeit.
    Notes: Summary The potency of four degradation products of gibberellic acid (Fig.1) was studied in several bioassays using gibberellin A3 as a standard. The substances had been purified and checked for homogeneity by means of thin-layer chromatography. Gibberellenic acid. Dwarf maize mutants d-1, d-3 and d-5 showed positive reactions after application of minimal doses of 1 μg per plant. In the case of dwarf peas and rice seedlings gibberellenic acid exhibited a lower potency, and with Lactuca seedlings (hypocotyl extension) very low biological activity was observed. Germination of Lactuca seeds in the dark was not stimulated. “Dicarbonic acid A” (see “Material und Methodik”) had the same potency as gibberellenic acid with Zea mays d-5 and slightly lower potency with d-1 and d-3. With dwarf peas as well as in the Lactuca hypocotyl test “dicarbonic acid A” exhibited only low activity and in the case of rice seedlings the activity was negligible. Allogibberic acid had a higher potency than the other degradation products in bioassays with Lactuca sativa (both hypocotyl extension and seed germination) and with Oryza sativa. Zea mays d-5 was also relatively sensitive towards this substance. With d-1 and d-3 allogibberic acid exhibited a lower potency and with Pisum sativum only a very low potency. Gibberic acid. Only Zea mays d-5 showed positive reactions after application of hig doses (100 μg per plant).
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 58 (1968), S. 395-397 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In continuous light or darkness the pupillary diameter of Tenebrio molitor displays a circadian rhythm (Fig. 1b, c).
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