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  • Articles  (81)
  • Thomas Telford  (58)
  • Munksgaard International Publishers  (23)
  • 2020-2023
  • 2020-2020
  • 1995-1999  (59)
  • 1965-1969  (22)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (81)
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  • Articles  (81)
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of Exposures and Health Risks Related to Formaldehyde Emissions from Furniture: a Case Study (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 5 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: According to the Californian Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, Proposition 65 (State of California, 1986) the manufacturers and retailers of products (such as furniture and fittings) which emit formaldehyde are obliged to either mark their products with a warning label or provide evidence that their products do not pose a significant cancer risk to the consumer. The significant risk is defined as 1 case of cancer in a population of 100,000 persons within a period of exposure of 70 years (State of California, 1992).In this study, a large-scale climate chamber test of a full set of furniture and fitments was made. The formaldehyde concentration in a test chamber peaked at about 112 μg/m3 within a day after the furniture had been installed. After 8 weeks the concentration leveled out at about 50 μg/m3.Various models were used to predict occupant exposures in homes containing the same furniture and fitments; multi-compartment models identified a short-term compartment with a half-life of between 5.2 and 6.0 h and a relative source strength of between 75% and 30% of the total source strength; a medium-term compartment with a half-life of between 14 and 81 days; and a long-term compartment for which the best estimate of a half-life was 384 days.The accumulated dose of formaldehyde absorbed by an occupant during 70 years of exposure in the hypothetical home was estimated by extrapolation using the same models. The dose was found to be in the range of 0.13 g to 0.16 g.The concentration in the test chamber showing a maximum value of 112 μg/m3 formaldehyde may cause discomfort among hypersensitive persons during the first couple of days. The risk estimates based on the estimated long-term dose indicate that the cancer risks associated with the exposure caused by furniture are in the range of 6.9 to 8.9 × 10−8, based on monkey data, and 5.8 to 7.4 × 10−7, based on rat data.In conclusion, a successful draft protocol was established for tests in relation to Proposition 65 and, with the limitations of this exploratory study, the actual furniture equipment is considered to cause no significant cancer risk to the consumer according to the Proposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1995.t01-2-00002.x
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  • 2
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    Bifurcation and shear band propagation in sands (1999)
    Thomas Telford
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-8505
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-7656
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Thomas Telford
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  • 3
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    Fast shearing of pre-existing shear zones in soil (1996)
    Thomas Telford
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-8505
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-7656
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Thomas Telford
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  • 4
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    The Theory of One-Dimensional Consolidation of Saturated Clays (1967)
    Thomas Telford
    Details
    Publication Date: 1967-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-8505
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-7656
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Thomas Telford
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  • 5
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    Modelling the non-linear deformation properties of stiff geomaterials (1997)
    Thomas Telford
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-8505
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-7656
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Thomas Telford
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of Temperature and Humidity on Chemical and Sensory Emissions from Building Materials (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The chemical and sensory emissions from five building materials (carpet, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring, sealant, floor varnish and wall paint) were tested under different combinations of temperature and relative humidity in the ranges 18–28°C and 30–70% relative humidity (RH). The experiment was performed in a climate chamber where a specially designed test system was built to study emissions from the five materials. The test system could provide different temperatures and humidities of air around the materials, while the air, after being polluted by the emissions from the materials, could be reconditioned to 23°C and 50% RH for sensory assessments. The experiment was designed to separate the direct impact of temperature and humidity on perception from the impact on sensory emission. The study found little influence of temperature on the emissions from the five materials whether expressed in chemical or sensory terms. The effect of humidity was found to be significant only for the waterborne materials – floor varnish and wall paint. Compared with the direct impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of air quality, the impact of temperature and humidity on sensory emissions from the building materials has a secondary influence on perceived air quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-1-00006.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation between Indoor and Outdoor Exposure to Fine Particles near a Busy Arterial Road (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Various studies on indoor and outdoor particulate matter in the urban environment in the vicinity of busy arterial roads in the centre of the subtropical city of Brisbane have indicated that the revised United States Environmental Protection Agency National Ambient Air Quality Standards (US EPA NAAQS) for Particulate matter PM2.5 could be exceeded not only outdoors but also indoors. The aim of this work was to investigate outdoor exposure to submicrometer particles and their relationship with indoor exposure in a hypothetical office building located in the vicinity of a busy arterial road. The outdoor exposure values and trends were measured in terms of particle number in the submicrometer size range and were then recalculated to represent mass concentration trends. The results of this study indicate that exposure to PM0.7 particles in ambient air close to a busy road often exceeds the levels of the annual and 24-hour US EPA NAAQS PM2.5 standards. It is likely that exposure to PM2.5 is even higher, and may significantly exceed these standards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-2-00002.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergic and Non-allergic Students' Perception of the Same High School Environment (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to describe how allergies and non-allergies perceive the same environment. All high school students in a town in southern Sweden were invited to answer a questionnaire concerning allergy, subjective symptoms, annoyance reactions and perception of the environment (response rate: 81%). The results show that only 45% of the students were non-allergic (n = 1,715). Since the symptom frequency among non-allergic students was normal, the schools were classified as healthy. However, compared to the non-allergic students, a higher percentage among the allergies suffered from symptoms every week, a lower percentage was satisfied with the air quality and the cleaning, and a higher percentage was bothered every week by temperature, stuffy/stale air, bad odor, passive smoke, bad lighting, noise, dust and dirt (ANOVA, P 〈 0.05). The findings could indicate that allergies note discomfort earlier than non-allergies by being more critical in general and especially critical to factors that could effect their health. The findings could also indicate that awareness of ones own sensitivity could lead to attention to different risk factors, which in turn could lead to stress/anxiety, which could make symptoms worse. The conclusion is that it is important to take allergy into consideration when the environment is assessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-2-00004.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Latex Paint – Part 2. Test House Studies and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Modeling (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Emission models developed using small chamber data were combined with an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) model to analyze the impact of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from latex paint on indoor environments. Test house experiments were conducted to verify the IAQ model's predictions. The agreement between model predictions and experimental measurements met the American Society for Testing and Materials criteria for model verification in the room with the source and met most of the requirements in other rooms. The major cause of disagreement between the model predictions and the experimental data in the test house appears to be an inadequate sink model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.t01-3-00004.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-Phase Mass Transfer Model for Predicting Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Rates from Indoor Pollutant Sources (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Indoor air 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the impact of sources on indoor pollutant concentrations and occupant exposure to indoor pollutants requires knowledge of the emission rates from the sources. Emission rates are often determined by chamber testing and the data from the chamber test are fitted to an empirical model. While the empirical models are useful, they do not provide information necessary to scale the chamber data to buildings nor do they provide information necessary to understand the processes controlling emissions. A mass transfer model for gas-phase-limited mass transfer is developed and described in this paper. Examples of sources with gas-phase-limited emissions are moth cakes, floor wax, stain, and varnish. The mass transfer model expresses the emission rate in terms of a mass transfer coefficient and a driving force. The mass transfer coefficient can be predicted from correlations of the Nusselt number and the Reynolds number. The experiments and data analysis used to develop the correlation are described in the paper. Experiments to verify the assumptions used to describe the driving force are also described. Suggestions for using data from existing empirical emission models to determine parameters for the mass transfer model are provided. The mass transfer model provides a significantly better fit to data from an indoor air quality test house than does the empirical first order decay model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1996.t01-3-00004.x
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