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  • 1
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    Ramisyllis kingghidorahi n. Sp., a new branching annelid from Japan (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Aguado, M. T., Ponz-Segrelles, G., Glasby, C. J., Ribeiro, R. P., Nakamura, M., Oguchi, K., Omori, A., Kohtsuka, H., Fisher, C., Ise, Y., Jimi, N., & Miura, T. Ramisyllis kingghidorahi n. Sp., a new branching annelid from Japan. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. (2022), https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00538-4.
    Description: Among over 20,000 species of Annelida, only two branching species with a highly modified body-pattern are known until now: the Syllidae Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879, and Ramisyllis multicaudata Glasby et al. (Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 164, 481–497, 2012). Both have unusual ramified bodies with one head and multiple branches and live inside the canals of host sponges. Using an integrative approach (combining morphology, internal anatomy, ecology, phylogeny, genetic divergence, and the complete mitochondrial genome), we describe a new branching species from Japan, Ramisyllis kingghidorahi n. sp., inhabiting an undescribed species of Petrosia (Porifera: Demospongiae) from shallow waters. We compare the new species with its closest relative, R. multicaudata; emend the diagnosis of Ramisyllis; and discuss previous reports of S. ramosa. This study suggests a much higher diversity of branching syllids than currently known. Finally, we discuss possible explanations for the feeding behaviour in the new species in relation to its highly ciliated wall of the digestive tubes (especially at the distal branches and anus), and provide a hypothesis for the evolution of branching body patterns as the result of an adaptation to the host sponge labyrinthic canal system.
    Description: Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This study was financed by the Biodiversitätsmuseum (PI:MTA), Georg August University, Göttingen, and by Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research A (No. 18H04006) (PI:TM) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. GP-S was supported by the “Contratos Predoctorales para la Formación de Doctores 2016” program of MINECO, Spain (code: BES-2016–076419), co-financed by the European Social Found. RPR was supported by the program “Contratos predoctorales para Formación de Personal Investigador, FPI-UAM,” Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
    Keywords: Mitochondrial genome ; Phylogenetics ; Sponge ; Syllidae ; Symbiosis ; Morphology ; Anatomy ; Ecology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Isotopic evidence for sources of dissolved carbon and the role of organic matter respiration in the Fraser River basin, Canada (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-04
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Voss, B., Eglinton, T., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., Galy, V., Lang, S., McIntyre, C., Spencer, R., Bulygina, E., Wang, Z., & Guay, K. Isotopic evidence for sources of dissolved carbon and the role of organic matter respiration in the Fraser River basin, Canada. Biogeochemistry. (2022), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-00945-5.
    Description: Sources of dissolved and particulate carbon to the Fraser River system vary significantly in space and time. Tributaries in the northern interior of the basin consistently deliver higher concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the main stem than other tributaries. Based on samples collected near the Fraser River mouth throughout 2013, the radiocarbon age of DOC exported from the Fraser River does not change significantly across seasons despite a spike in DOC concentration during the freshet, suggesting modulation of heterogeneous upstream chemical and isotopic signals during transit through the river basin. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations are highest in the Rocky Mountain headwater region where carbonate weathering is evident, but also in tributaries with high DOC concentrations, suggesting that DOC respiration may be responsible for a significant portion of DIC in this basin. Using an isotope and major ion mass balance approach to constrain the contributions of carbonate and silicate weathering and DOC respiration, we estimate that up to 33 ± 11% of DIC is derived from DOC respiration in some parts of the Fraser River basin. Overall, these results indicate close coupling between the cycling of DOC and DIC, and that carbon is actively processed and transformed during transport through the river network.
    Description: Open Access funding provided by the MIT Libraries. This work was supported by the WHOI Academic Programs Office, the MIT EAPS Department Student Assistance Fund, and the PAOC Houghton Fund to BMV; NSF-ETBC grants OCE-0851015 to BPE, VG, and TIE and OCE-0851101 to RGMS; NSF grant EAR-1226818 to BPE; NSF grant OCE-0928582 to TIE and VG; and a WHOI Arctic Research Initiative grant to ZAW.
    Keywords: River ; Carbon isotopes ; Radiocarbon ; Weathering ; Carbon cycle
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Review of Environmental Monitoring by Means of Radio Waves in the Polar Regions: From Atmosphere to Geospace (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: The Antarctic and Arctic regions are Earth’s open windows to outer space. They provide unique opportunities for investigating the troposphere–thermosphere–ionosphere–plasmasphere system at high latitudes, which is not as well understood as the mid- and low-latitude regions mainly due to the paucity of experimental observations. In addition, different neutral and ionised atmospheric layers at high latitudes are much more variable compared to lower latitudes, and their variability is due to mechanisms not yet fully understood. Fortunately, in this new millennium the observing infrastructure in Antarctica and the Arctic has been growing, thus providing scientists with new opportunities to advance our knowledge on the polar atmosphere and geospace. This review shows that it is of paramount importance to perform integrated, multi-disciplinary research, making use of long-term multi-instrument observations combined with ad hoc measurement campaigns to improve our capability of investigating atmospheric dynamics in the polar regions from the troposphere up to the plasmasphere, as well as the coupling between atmospheric layers. Starting from the state of the art of understanding the polar atmosphere, our survey outlines the roadmap for enhancing scientific investigation of its physical mechanisms and dynamics through the full exploitation of the available infrastructures for radio-based environmental monitoring.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1609–1698
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Biogeochemical feedbacks may amplify ongoing and future ocean deoxygenation: a case study from the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: A new box model is employed to simulate the oxygen-dependent cycling of nutrients in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Model results and data for the present state of the OMZ indicate that dissolved iron is the limiting nutrient for primary production and is provided by the release of dissolved ferrous iron from shelf and slope sediments. Most of the removal of reactive nitrogen occurs by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium where ammonium is delivered by aerobic organic nitrogen degradation. Model experiments simulating the effects of ocean deoxygenation and warming show that the productivity of the Peruvian OMZ will increase due to the enhanced release of dissolved iron from shelf and slope sediments. A positive feedback loop rooted in the oxygen-dependent benthic iron release amplifies, both, the productivity rise and oxygen decline in ambient bottom waters. Hence, a 1% decline in oxygen supply reduces oxygen concentrations in sub-surface waters of the continental margin by 22%. The trend towards enhanced productivity and amplified deoxygenation will continue until further phytoplankton growth is limited by the loss of reactive nitrogen. Under nitrogen-limitation, the redox state of the OMZ is stabilized by negative feedbacks. A further increase in productivity and transition to sulfidic conditions is only possible if the rate of nitrogen fixation increases drastically under anoxic conditions. Such a transition would lead to a wide-spread accumulation of toxic sulfide with detrimental consequences for fishery yields in the Peruvian OMZ that currently provides a significant fraction of the global fish catch.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Nitrous oxide and methane in a changing Arctic Ocean (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Human activities are changing the Arctic environment at an unprecedented rate resulting in rapid warming, freshening, sea ice retreat and ocean acidification of the Arctic Ocean. Trace gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) play important roles in both the atmospheric reactivity and radiative budget of the Arctic and thus have a high potential to influence the region's climate. However, little is known about how these rapid physical and chemical changes will impact the emissions of major climate-relevant trace gases from the Arctic Ocean. The combined consequences of these stressors present a complex combination of environmental changes which might impact on trace gas production and their subsequent release to the Arctic atmosphere. Here we present our current understanding of nitrous oxide and methane cycling in the Arctic Ocean and its relevance for regional and global atmosphere and climate and offer our thoughts on how this might change over coming decades.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    Molecular machineries of ciliogenesis, cell survival, and vasculogenesis are differentially expressed during regeneration in explants of the demosponge Halichondria panicea (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Sponges are interesting animal models for regeneration studies, since even from dissociated cells, they are able to regenerate completely. In particular, explants are model systems that can be applied to many sponge species, since small fragments of sponges can regenerate all elements of the adult, including the oscula and the ability to pump water. The morphological aspects of regeneration in sponges are relatively well known, but the molecular machinery is only now starting to be elucidated for some sponge species. Here, we have used an explant system of the demosponge Halichondria panicea to understand the molecular machinery deployed during regeneration of the aquiferous system. We sequenced the transcriptomes of four replicates of the 5–day explant without an osculum (NOE), four replicates of the 17–18–day explant with a single osculum and pumping activity (PE) and also four replicates of field–collected individuals with regular pumping activity (PA), and performed differential gene expression analysis. We also described the morphology of NOE and PE samples using light and electron microscopy. Our results showed a highly disorganised mesohyl and disarranged aquiferous system in NOE that is coupled with upregulated pathways of ciliogenesis, organisation of the ECM, and cell proliferation and survival. Once the osculum is formed, genes involved in “response to stimulus in other organisms” were upregulated. Interestingly, the main molecular machinery of vasculogenesis described in vertebrates was activated during the regeneration of the aquiferous system. Notably, vasculogenesis markers were upregulated when the tissue was disorganised and about to start forming canals (NOE) and angiogenic stimulators and ECM remodelling machineries were differentially expressed once the aquiferous system was in place (PE and PA). Our results are fundamental to better understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the aquiferous system in sponges, and its similarities with the early onset of blood-vessel formation in animal evolution.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    The Gabbro–Granodiorite Magmatic Complex of the Kronotsky Paleoarc (Eastern Kamchatka): Composition, Age, and Tectonic Position (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: New U‒Pb (LA-ICP-MS) geochronological data have been obtained on accessory zircons from granodiorites and on detrital zircons from stream-sediment samples from the Shipunsky massif in the Eastern Kamchatka region. The age of accessory zircons from amphibole–biotite granodiorites has been estimated at 49–44 Ma. Detrital zircons have the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene age from ~57 to ~49 Ma. Based on the geological and geochronological data, the massif was formed in two stages: a gabbroid intrusion (56‒51 Ma) and the quartz diorite-granodiorite intrusion (49‒44 Ma). In terms of the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous–Eocene volcanic rocks in the Shipunsky Peninsula and granitoids in the Shipunsky massif, they were formed in the suprasubduction setting. The Shipunsky granitoids belong to the I-type granites. The Shipunsky massif was formed as a part of the Kronotsky intraoceanic paleoarc during the Paleocene–Eocene in two stages. The southern segment of the Kronotsky paleoarc collided with the Kamchatka continental margin and the deformed rocks of this massif were brought to the surface.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
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    The role of a changing Arctic Ocean and climate for the biogeochemical cycling of dimethyl sulphide and carbon monoxide (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and carbon monoxide (CO) are climate-relevant trace gases that play key roles in the radiative budget of the Arctic atmosphere. Under global warming, Arctic sea ice retreats at an unprecedented rate, altering light penetration and biological communities, and potentially affect DMS and CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean. This could have socio-economic implications in and beyond the Arctic region. However, little is known about CO production pathways and emissions in this region and the future development of DMS and CO cycling. Here we summarize the current understanding and assess potential future changes of DMS and CO cycling in relation to changes in sea ice coverage, light penetration, bacterial and microalgal communities, pH and physical properties. We suggest that production of DMS and CO might increase with ice melting, increasing light availability and shifting phytoplankton community. Among others, policy measures should facilitate large-scale process studies, coordinated long term observations and modelling efforts to improve our current understanding of the cycling and emissions of DMS and CO in the Arctic Ocean and of global consequences.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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