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  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International  (115)
  • 2020-2022  (115)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979
  • 2020  (115)
  • 1
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    Similarity Measures for Learning in Lattice Based Biomimetic Neural Networks (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-27
    Description: This paper presents a novel lattice based biomimetic neural network trained by means of a similarity measure derived from a lattice positive valuation. For a wide class of pattern recognition problems, the proposed artificial neural network, implemented as a dendritic hetero-associative memory delivers high percentages of successful classification. The memory is a feedforward dendritic network whose arithmetical operations are based on lattice algebra and can be applied to real multivalued inputs. In this approach, the realization of recognition tasks, shows the inherent capability of prototype-class pattern associations in a fast and straightforward manner without need of any iterative scheme subject to issues about convergence. Using an artificially designed data set we show how the proposed trained neural net classifies a test input pattern. Application to a few typical real-world data sets illustrate the overall network classification performance using different training and testing sample subsets generated randomly.
    Electronic ISSN: 2227-7390
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 2
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    Automatically Creating HVAC Control Strategies Based on Building Information Modeling (BIM): Heat Provisioning and Distribution (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-26
    Description: Building Information Modeling (BIM) data are typically exchanged using the Industrial Foundation Classes (IFC) standard. An IFC-based BIM model is a container for data that is created during the design and planning phase and is therefore a rich source of information for the commissioning phase, in which building services are brought to operation. This paper examines the use of BIM data for automated generation of control strategies for energy systems, thus simplifying and accelerating the commissioning phase. We present a methodology to create control strategies of a building heating system with several variations of renewable energy systems and include both heat provisioning and a distribution system. The control goals include favoring the use of non-fossil energy, which is provided by a combination of photovoltaic system (PV), heat pump (HP) and industrial excess-heat source. Thermal energy storages are integrated for load shifting purposes and the control of the heat distribution system is designed towards the requirements of building physics, occupancy and outside climate conditions. A validation of the approach is presented in a combined SIMULINK and TRNSYS simulation environment.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 3
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    Observable and Unobservable Mechanical Motion (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-03
    Description: A thermodynamic approach to mechanical motion is presented, and it is shown that dissipation of energy is the key process through which mechanical motion becomes observable. By studying charged particles moving in conservative central force fields, it is shown that the process of radiation emission can be treated as a frictional process that withdraws mechanical energy from the moving particles and that dissipates the radiation energy in the environment. When the dissipation occurs inside natural (eye) or technical photon detectors, detection events are produced which form observational images of the underlying mechanical motion. As the individual events, in which radiation is emitted and detected, represent pieces of physical action that add onto the physical action associated with the mechanical motion itself, observation appears as a physical overhead that is burdened onto the mechanical motion. We show that such overheads are minimized by particles following Hamilton’s equations of motion. In this way, trajectories with minimum curvature are selected and dissipative processes connected with their observation are minimized. The minimum action principles which lie at the heart of Hamilton’s equations of motion thereby appear as principles of minimum energy dissipation and/or minimum information gain. Whereas these principles dominate the motion of single macroscopic particles, these principles become challenged in microscopic and intensely interacting multi-particle systems such as molecules moving inside macroscopic volumes of gas.
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-4300
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 4
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    Incidences of Fatalities on Austrian Ski Slopes: A 10-Year Analysis (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-23
    Description: The study evaluated incidences and potential differences of traumatic and nontraumatic fatalities among recreational skiers and snowboarders on Austrian ski slopes within a 10-year analysis. Within this retrospective study, data were collected by the Federal Ministry of the Interior. Data comprised all traumatic and nontraumatic deaths on Austrian ski slopes which occurred between the 2008/09 and 2017/18 winter seasons. Age, sex, nationality, gear used, altitude, slope difficulty, accident cause, primary cause of death and helmet use were collected at the death scene. Incidence of fatalities was calculated based on number of skier days. In total, 369 fatalities, with an average of 36.9 ± 7.9 fatalities per year, were registered. The yearly incidence of traumatic and nontraumatic deaths decreased by 25.8% and 40.1% during the 10-year time period, leading to an evaluated mean incidence of 0.70 deaths per million skier days, with an incidence of 0.36 traumatic deaths and 0.34 nontraumatic deaths per million skier days. Incidences of both traumatic and nontraumatic deaths decreased during the 10-year analysis, representing death as a rare event on Austrian ski slopes. However, adequate prevention measures to reduce potential risk factors to further reduce the mortality risk on ski slopes are needed.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 5
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    A Self-Adaptive and Self-Sufficient Energy Harvesting System (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-04-29
    Description: Self-adaptive vibration energy harvesters convert the kinetic energy from vibration sources into electrical energy and continuously adapt their resonance frequency to the vibration frequency. Only when the two frequencies match can the system harvest energy efficiently. The harvesting of vibration sources with a time-variant frequency therefore requires self-adaptive vibration harvesting systems without human intervention. This work presents a self-adaptive energy harvesting system that works completely self-sufficiently. Using magnetic forces, the axial load on a bending beam is changed and thus the resonance frequency is set. The system achieves a relative tuning range of 23% at a center frequency of 36.4 Hz. Within this range, the resonance frequency of the harvester can be set continuously and precisely. With a novel optimized method for frequency measurement and with customized electronics, the system only needs 22 µW to monitor the external vibration frequency and is therefore also suitable for environments with low vibration amplitudes. The system was verified on a vibrational test bench and can easily be tailored to a specific vibration source.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 6
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    Modelling the Influence of Different Soot Types on the Radio-Frequency-Based Load Detection of Gasoline Particulate Filters (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-06
    Description: Gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) are an appropriate means to meet today’s emission standards. As for diesel applications, GPFs can be monitored via differential pressure sensors or using a radio-frequency approach (RF sensor). Due to largely differing soot properties and engine operating modes of gasoline compared to diesel engines (e.g., the possibility of incomplete regenerations), the behavior of both sensor systems must be investigated in detail. For this purpose, extensive measurements on engine test benches are usually required. To simplify the sensor development, a simulation model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics® that not only allowed for calculating the loading and regeneration process of GPFs under different engine operating conditions but also determined the impact on both sensor systems. To simulate the regeneration behavior of gasoline soot accurately, an oxidation model was developed. To identify the influence of different engine operating points on the sensor behavior, various samples generated at an engine test bench were examined regarding their kinetic parameters using thermogravimetric analysis. Thus, this compared the accuracy of soot mass determination using the RF sensor with the differential pressure method. By simulating a typical driving condition with incomplete regenerations, the effects of the soot kinetics on sensor accuracy was demonstrated exemplarily. Thereby, the RF sensor showed an overall smaller mass determination error, as well as a lower dependence on the soot kinetics.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 7
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    Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children—An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-05
    Description: Children are commonly exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in the domestic environment or inside vehicles of smokers. Unfortunately, prenatal tobacco smoke (PTS) exposure is still common, too. SHS is hazardous to the health of smokers and non-smokers, but especially to that of children. SHS and PTS increase the risk for children to develop cancers and can trigger or worsen asthma and allergies, modulate the immune status, and is harmful to lung, heart and blood vessels. Smoking during pregnancy can cause pregnancy complications and poor birth outcomes as well as changes in the development of the foetus. Lately, some of the molecular and genetic mechanisms that cause adverse health effects in children have been identified. In this review, some of the current insights are discussed. In this regard, it has been found in children that SHS and PTS exposure is associated with changes in levels of enzymes, hormones, and expression of genes, micro RNAs, and proteins. PTS and SHS exposure are major elicitors of mechanisms of oxidative stress. Genetic predisposition can compound the health effects of PTS and SHS exposure. Epigenetic effects might influence in utero gene expression and disease susceptibility. Hence, the limitation of domestic and public exposure to SHS as well as PTS exposure has to be in the focus of policymakers and the public in order to save the health of children at an early age. Global substantial smoke-free policies, health communication campaigns, and behavioural interventions are useful and should be mandatory.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 8
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    Bioinformatic and Molecular Analysis of Satellite Repeat Diversity in Vaccinium Genomes (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-09
    Description: Bioinformatic and molecular characterization of satellite repeats was performed to understand the impact of their diversification on Vaccinium genome evolution. Satellite repeat diversity was evaluated in four cultivated and wild species, including the diploid species Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium uliginosum, as well as the tetraploid species Vaccinium corymbosum and Vaccinium arctostaphylos. We comparatively characterized six satellite repeat families using in total 76 clones with 180 monomers. We observed that the monomer units of VaccSat1, VaccSat2, VaccSat5, and VaccSat6 showed a higher order repeat (HOR) structure, likely originating from the organization of two adjacent subunits with differing similarity, length and size. Moreover, VaccSat1, VaccSat3, VaccSat6, and VaccSat7 were found to have sequence similarity to parts of transposable elements. We detected satellite-typical tandem organization for VaccSat1 and VaccSat2 in long arrays, while VaccSat5 and VaccSat6 distributed in multiple sites over all chromosomes of tetraploid V. corymbosum, presumably in long arrays. In contrast, very short arrays of VaccSat3 and VaccSat7 are dispersedly distributed over all chromosomes in the same species, likely as internal parts of transposable elements. We provide a comprehensive overview on satellite species specificity in Vaccinium, which are potentially useful as molecular markers to address the taxonomic complexity of the genus, and provide information for genome studies of this genus.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4425
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 9
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    An X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Study on the Oxidation State of Chromophores in Natural Kunzite Samples from Nuristan, Afghanistan (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-20
    Description: Kunzite, the pink variety of spodumene is famous and desirable among gemstone lovers. Due to its tenebrescent properties, kunzite always remains a hot research candidate among physicists and mineralogists. The present work is continuing the effort towards value addition to kunzite by enhancing its color using different treatments. Before color enhancement, it is essential to identify the chromophores and their oxidation states. In this paper, the authors investigated the main impurities in natural kunzite from the Nuristan area in Afghanistan and their valence states. Some impurities in the LiAlSi2O6 spodumene structure were identified and quantified by using sensitive techniques, including Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), UV−VIS and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). LA-ICP-MS indicated many trace elements as impurities in kunzite, among which Fe and Mn are the main elements responsible for coloration. The oxidation states of these two transition elements were determined by the XANES technique. The study reveals that Mn is present in both Mn2+ and Mn3+ oxidation states, while Fe is present only in Fe3+ oxidation state.
    Electronic ISSN: 2075-163X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 10
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    Monitoring Progress of Change: Implementation of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) within Documents of the German Education System (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2020-05-25
    Description: Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) contributes to a holistic transformation of education systems, fostering deeply rooted learning processes required to co-create a sustainable future for all. The independent project National Monitoring on ESD in Germany traces the status and progress of formal ESD implementation via repeated large-scale indicator-based document analysis. Including over 4500 documents from early childhood education, school education, higher education, and vocational education and training, this study shows that the process of ESD implementation gained momentum over the period of the Global Action Programme (2015–2019). At the same time, large discrepancies remain between the areas of education, different types of documents, federal states, and with regard to the depth and quality of the contextualization of ESD and related concepts. While considerable developments are identifiable within all four formal areas of education, strong additional efforts are required for a comprehensive structural implementation of ESD in Germany. Although the results of the study focus on the status and progress of ESD within the German education system, the methodological framework may also serve as groundwork for other independent, comprehensive, and supportive monitoring programs.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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