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  • Articles  (75)
  • 2015-2019  (75)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • 2019  (75)
  • Geosciences  (75)
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  • Articles  (75)
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  • 2015-2019  (75)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
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    The warming of the Chukchi slope through the Barrow Canyon outflow in the 2016‐2017 winter (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The shallow Chukchi Sea is a gateway to the Arctic Ocean for Pacific‐origin waters. While a substantial portion of the Pacific‐origin waters flows through Barrow Canyon in the northeast corner of the Chukchi Sea, little is known on the hydrography of the surrounding regions in winter. We present profiles of wintertime hydrography on the Chukchi slope from an autonomous profiling instrument, and mooring records in Barrow Canyon. The central and western sectors of Barrow Canyon in December 2016 ‐ February 2017 (DJF 2016‐2017) were anomalously warm (∼0.5 ° C warmer than the climatology) with the flow orienting toward the Arctic Ocean. Unlike the summertime warming near the surface, the warm outflow has a temperature maximum at 80 dbar, and this outflow modifies the water mass properties on the Chukchi slope 70 km north of the canyon. Based on our Barrow Canyon mooring records starting in 2002, this is the first time that such warming is recorded on the outflow in winter. We discuss that this is due to the combination of the Barrow Canyon outflow favourable wind pattern and warming in the southern Chukchi Sea (the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea) before the winter.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9275
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9291
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Interplate Coupling Distribution Along the Nankai Trough in Southwest Japan Estimated From the Block Motion Model Based on Onshore GNSS and Seafloor GNSS/A Observations (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Along the Nankai Trough of southwest Japan, large‐magnitude interplate earthquakes (M 〉 8) have occurred repeatedly, with recurrence intervals of approximately 100 years. It is essential to estimate more precisely the spatial distribution of interplate coupling; that is, along‐strike and along‐dip heterogeneity of the coupling ratio defined as the slip deficit rate divided by the plate convergence rate, for understanding the mechanisms and/or assessing the potential of future mega interplate earthquakes in this region. Recently, the seafloor Global Navigation Satellite System‐Acoustic (GNSS/A) combination technique observation network has been extended, and we can now obtain crustal displacement fields for both onshore and offshore regions. In this study, we estimate interplate coupling distribution along the Nankai Trough using both seafloor GNSS/A and onshore GNSS data with the block motion model, minimizing the spatial variations of modeling uncertainties of coupling estimates. Seafloor GNSS/A data depict very strong coupling near the trough axis off of Tokai, as well as trough‐parallel heterogeneity in interplate coupling at the shallow plate interface. Using the block motion model confirmed that observed crustal deformation above the deep plate interface in SW Japan is dominated by rigid block motion rather than elastic response to slip deficit on the deep plate interface of the subducting Philippine Sea plate. The minimization of spatial variations for the modeling uncertainties of coupling estimates helps us to estimate the coupling distribution with nearly homogeneous uncertainties between offshore and onshore regions, which is useful for evaluation of interplate earthquakes and/or tsunamis hazards.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9313
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9356
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    The fundamental nature of a transient elastic response to prompt gravity perturbations (2019)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Summary〈/div〉Seismic waves radiated from an earthquake induce mass redistribution in the Earth, which in turn generates prompt gravity perturbations at all distances before the arrival of seismic waves. Here we obtain an analytic solution for the transient elastic response to prompt gravity perturbations induced by a portion of earthquake mass redistribution in an infinite homogeneous isotropic non-self-gravitation elastic medium. This solution reveals the fundamental nature of an unusual net-inner-force-free deformation regime that emerges between the onset of an earthquake and P-wave arrival, which we find inherent in action at a distance with the inverse-square law. These results provide physical insights into why a gravimeter installed in the Earth is characterized by significantly decreased sensitivity to earthquake-induced prompt gravity perturbations.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 2051-1965
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 4
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    Compositional diversity of ordinary chondrites inferred from petrology, bulk chemical, and oxygen isotopic compositions of the lowest FeO ordinary chondrite, Yamato 982717 (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract We performed a petrologic, geochemical, and oxygen isotopic study of the lowest FeO ordinary chondrite (OC), Yamato (Y) 982717. Y 982717 shows a chondritic texture composed of chondrules and chondrule fragments, and mineral fragments set in a finer grained, clastic matrix, similar to H4 chondrites. The composition of olivine (Fa11.17 ± 0.48 (1σ)) and low‐Ca pyroxene (Fs11.07 ± 0.98 (1σ)Wo0.90 ± 0.71(1σ)) is significantly more magnesian than those of typical H chondrites (Fa16.0‐20, Fs14.5‐18.0), as well as other known low‐FeO OCs (Fa12.8‐16.7; Fs13‐16). However, the bulk chemical composition of Y 982717, in particular lithophile and moderately volatile elements, is within the range of OCs. The bulk siderophile element composition (Ni, Co) is within the range of H chondrites and distinguishable from L chondrites. The O‐isotopic composition is also within the range of H chondrites. The lack of reduction textures indicates that the low olivine Fa content and low‐Ca pyroxene Fs content are characteristics of the precursor materials, rather than the result of reduction during thermal metamorphism. We suggest that the H chondrites are more compositionally diverse than has been previously recognized.
    Print ISSN: 1086-9379
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-5100
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
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    New Olivine Reference Material for In Situ Microanalysis (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Olivine grains from a mantle xenolith were analysed by EPMA, LA‐ICP‐MS, SIMS, ID‐ICP‐MS, ICP‐MS and XRF in 6 institutions worldwide. 120 olivine grains tested showed uniform mass fractions of all elements except phosphorus. Well‐characterised reference values were obtained for major (Si, Mg, Fe), minor (Ni, Mn) and trace elements (Li, Na, Al, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). A new olivine reference material – MongOL Sh11‐2 – for in situ analysis has been prepared from the central portion of a large (20 × 20 × 10 cm) mantle peridotite xenolith from a ~ 0.5 My old basaltic breccia at Shavaryn‐Tsaram, Tariat region, central Mongolia. The xenolith is a fertile mantle lherzolite with minimal signs of alteration. Approximately 10 g of 0.5–2 mm gem quality olivine fragments were separated under binocular microscope and analysed by EPMA, LA‐ICP‐MS, SIMS and bulk analytical methods (ID‐ICP‐MS for Mg and Fe, XRF, ICP‐MS) for major, minor and trace elements at six institutions world‐wide. The results show that the olivine fragments are sufficiently homogeneous with respect to major (Mg, Fe, Si), minor and trace elements. Significant inhomogeneity was revealed only for phosphorus (homogeneity index of 12.4), whereas Li, Na, Al, Sc, Ti and Cr show minor inhomogeneity (homogeneity index of 1–2). The presence of some mineral and fluid‐melt micro‐inclusions may be responsible for the inconsistency in mass fractions obtained by in situ and bulk analytical methods for Al, Cu, Sr, Zr, Ga, Dy and Ho. Here we report reference and information values for twenty‐seven major, minor and trace elements.
    Print ISSN: 1639-4488
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-908X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 6
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    Azimuthal Variation in the Io Plasma Torus Observed by the Hisaki Satellite From 2013 to 2016 (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract In the Jovian magnetosphere, sulfur and oxygen ions supplied by the satellite Io are distributed in the so‐called Io plasma torus. The plasma torus is located in the inner area of the magnetosphere and the plasma in the torus corotates with the planet. The density and the temperature of the plasma in the torus have significant azimuthal variations. In this study, data from three‐year observations obtained by the Hisaki satellite, from December 2013 to August 2016, were used to investigate statistically the azimuthal variations and to find out whether the variations were influenced by the increase in neutral particles from Io. The azimuthal variation was obtained from a time series of sulfur ion line ratios, which were sensitive to the electron temperature and the sulfur ion mixing ratio S3+/S+. The major characteristics of the azimuthal variation in the plasma parameters were consistent with the dual hot electron model, proposed to explain previous observations. On the other hand, the Hisaki data showed that the peak System III longitude in the S3+/S+ ratio was located not only around 0°–90°, as in previous observations, but also around 180°–270°. The rotation period, the System IV periodicity, was sometimes close to the Jovian rotation period. Persistent input of energy to electrons in a limited longitude range of the torus is associated with the shortening of the System IV period.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Advances in Computational Morphodynamics Using the International River Interface Cooperative (iRIC) Software (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: ABSTRACT Results from computational morphodynamics modeling of coupled flow‐bed‐sediment systems are described for ten applications as a review of recent advances in the field. Each of these applications is drawn from solvers included in the public‐domain International River Interface Cooperative (iRIC) software package. For mesoscale river features such as bars, predictions of alternate and higher mode river bars are shown for flows with equilibrium sediment supply and for a single case of oversupplied sediment. For microscale bed features such as bedforms, computational results are shown for the development and evolution of two‐dimensional bedforms using a simple closure‐based two‐dimensional model, for two‐ and three‐dimensional ripples and dunes using a three‐dimensional large‐eddy simulation flow model coupled to a physics‐based particle transport model, and for the development of bed streaks using a three‐dimensional unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes solver with a simple sediment‐transport treatment. Finally, macroscale or channel evolution treatments are used to examine the temporal development of meandering channels, a failure model for cantilevered banks, the effect of bank vegetation on channel width, the development of channel networks in tidal systems, and the evolution of bedrock channels. In all examples, computational morphodynamics results from iRIC solvers compare well to observations of natural bed morphology. For each of the three scales investigated here, brief suggestions for future work and potential research directions are offered.
    Print ISSN: 0360-1269
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9837
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Statistic and Isotopic Characterization of Deep‐Sea Sediments in the Western North Pacific Ocean: Implications for Genesis of the Sediment Extremely Enriched in Rare‐Earth Elements (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract A certain type of deep‐sea sediment exhibits very high content of rare‐earth elements and yttrium (REY) and is therefore expected to serve as a novel resource for these industrially essential metals. In this paper, we statistically analyzed the bulk chemical composition of deep‐sea sediments collected from the western North Pacific Ocean. By applying independent component analysis (ICA) to the multi‐elemental dataset, we extracted three independent components (ICs) that can be interpreted as the influence of Mn‐oxides (IC1), REY‐enriched biogenic calcium phosphate (BCP) (IC2), and possibly a diagenetic effect involving Cu‐enrichment (IC3) on bulk sediment geochemistry. Subsequently, we selected representative samples based on the ICA result, and implemented Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic analyses of bulk sediments. The results indicate that the extremely REY‐rich mud characterized by IC2 inherits the geochemical signature of deep Pacific seawater, whereas the non‐REY‐rich mud with less diagenetic alterations, characterized by IC3, implies an influence of terrigenous dust probably from the Taklimakan Desert–Chinese loess plateau. IC1 may reflect the variation in sedimentation rates. Characteristic downhole variations of IC1 and IC3 scores imply the presence of hiatus and/or erosion of the sediment column across the REY content peak. The putative cause is an enhanced bottom current, which can physically separate coarse BCP grains with very high REY content and thus produce an extremely REY‐enriched sediment layer.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    New Olivine Reference Material for In Situ Microanalysis (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Olivine grains from a mantle xenolith were analysed by EPMA, LA‐ICP‐MS, SIMS, ID‐ICP‐MS, ICP‐MS and XRF in 6 institutions worldwide. 120 olivine grains tested showed uniform mass fractions of all elements except phosphorus. Well‐characterised reference values were obtained for major (Si, Mg, Fe), minor (Ni, Mn) and trace elements (Li, Na, Al, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). A new olivine reference material – MongOL Sh11‐2 – for in situ analysis has been prepared from the central portion of a large (20 × 20 × 10 cm) mantle peridotite xenolith from a ~ 0.5 My old basaltic breccia at Shavaryn‐Tsaram, Tariat region, central Mongolia. The xenolith is a fertile mantle lherzolite with minimal signs of alteration. Approximately 10 g of 0.5–2 mm gem quality olivine fragments were separated under binocular microscope and analysed by EPMA, LA‐ICP‐MS, SIMS and bulk analytical methods (ID‐ICP‐MS for Mg and Fe, XRF, ICP‐MS) for major, minor and trace elements at six institutions world‐wide. The results show that the olivine fragments are sufficiently homogeneous with respect to major (Mg, Fe, Si), minor and trace elements. Significant inhomogeneity was revealed only for phosphorus (homogeneity index of 12.4), whereas Li, Na, Al, Sc, Ti and Cr show minor inhomogeneity (homogeneity index of 1–2). The presence of some mineral and fluid‐melt micro‐inclusions may be responsible for the inconsistency in mass fractions obtained by in situ and bulk analytical methods for Al, Cu, Sr, Zr, Ga, Dy and Ho. Here we report reference and information values for twenty‐seven major, minor and trace elements.
    Print ISSN: 1639-4488
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-908X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Wind-Driven Processes Controlling Oceanic Heat Delivery to the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica (2019)
    American Meteorological Society (AMS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Journal of Physical Oceanography, Volume 49, Issue 11, Page 2829-2849, November 2019. 〈br/〉
    Print ISSN: 0022-3670
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0485
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society (AMS)
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