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  • 1
    Keywords: deep subsurface ; marine sediment ; deep biosphere ; ocean crust ; subseafloor sediment ; Methane ; Peru margin ; Hydrogen ; acetogenesis ; sulfate reduction ; microbiology
    Description / Table of Contents: Deep subsurface microbiology is a highly active and rapidly advancing research field at the interface of microbiology and the geosciences; it focuses on the detection, identification, quantification, cultivation and activity measurements of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes that permeate the subsurface biosphere of deep marine sediments and the basaltic ocean and continental crust. The deep subsurface biosphere abounds with uncultured, only recently discovered and – at best - incompletely understood microbial populations. In spatial extent and volume, Earth’s subsurface biosphere is only rivaled by the deep sea water column. So far, no deep subsurface sediment has been found that is entirely devoid of microbial life; microbial cells and DNA remain detectable at sediment depths of more than 1 km; microbial life permeates deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, and is also found several kilometers down in continental crust aquifers. Severe energy limitation, either as electron acceptor or donor shortage, and scarcity of microbially degradable organic carbon sources are among the evolutionary pressures that have shaped the genomic and physiological repertoire of the deep subsurface biosphere. Its biogeochemical role as long-term organic carbon repository, inorganic electron and energy source, and subduction recycling engine continues to be explored by current research at the interface of microbiology, geochemistry and biosphere/geosphere evolution. This Research Topic addresses some of the central research questions about deep subsurface microbiology and biogeochemistry: phylogenetic and physiological microbial diversity in the deep subsurface; microbial activity and survival strategies in severely energy-limited subsurface habitats; microbial activity as reflected in process rates and gene expression patterns; biogeographic isolation and connectivity in deep subsurface microbial communities; the ecological standing of subsurface biospheres in comparison to the surface biosphere – an independently flourishing biosphere, or mere survivors that tolerate burial (along with organic carbon compounds), or a combination of both? Advancing these questions on Earth’s deep subsurface biosphere redefines the habitat range, environmental tolerance, activity and diversity of microbial life.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (303 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889195367
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Unknown
    Lausanne : Frontiers
    Keywords: hydrothermal vents ; extremophiles ; marine sediments ; Guaymas basin ; microbial biogeography ; microbiology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrothermally influenced microbial habitats and communities represent a much wider spectrum of geological setting, chemical in-situ regimes, and biotic community than the classical examples from basalt-hosted black smoker chimneys at active mid-ocean spreading centers. Hydrothermal vent ecosystems now include hydrothermally heated and chemically altered sediments, microbiota fueled by serpentinization reactions, and low-temperature vents with unusual menus of electron donors. Novel marine provinces and hydrothermal areas are being charted and explored, such as new hydrothermal vent systems in the Arctic, around Antarctica, in the Western Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. Novel environmental gradients and niches provide habitats for unusual or unprecedented microorganisms and microbial ecosystems. The discovery of novel extremophiles such as Aciduliprofundum and the Nanoarchaeota underscores that hydrothermal vent microbial communities can no longer be characterized as assemblages of only “typical” sulfur oxidizers, methanogens and heterotrophs. Different stages of hydrothermal activity, from early onset to peak activity, gradual decline, and persistence of cold and fossil vent sites, correspond to different colonization waves by microorganisms as well as megafauna. This research topic will continue to stretch the limits of hydrothermal vent microbiology, and also provide a forum for the chemical and microbial linkages of hydrothermal vents to the ocean water column and the ocean crust or sedimentary subsurface.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (286 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9782889196821
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-03-16
    Description: Methane seeps are widespread seafloor ecosystems shaped by the emission of gas from seabed reservoirs. The microorganisms inhabiting methane seeps transform the chemical energy in methane to products that sustain rich benthic communities around the gas leaks. Despite the biogeochemical relevance of microbial methane removal at seeps, the global diversity and dispersion of seep microbiota remain unknown. Here we determined the microbial diversity and community structure of 23 globally distributed methane seeps and compared these to the microbial communities of 54 other seafloor ecosystems, including sulfate–methane transition zones, hydrothermal vents, coastal sediments, and deep-sea surface and subsurface sediments. We found that methane seep communities show moderate levels of microbial richness compared with other seafloor ecosystems and harbor distinct bacterial and archaeal taxa with cosmopolitan distribution and key biogeochemical functions. The high relative sequence abundance of ANME (anaerobic methanotrophic archaea), as well as aerobic Methylococcales, sulfate-reducing Desulfobacterales, and sulfide-oxidizing Thiotrichales, matches the most favorable microbial metabolisms at methane seeps in terms of substrate supply and distinguishes the seep microbiome from other seafloor microbiomes. The key functional taxa varied in relative sequence abundance between different seeps due to the environmental factors, sediment depth and seafloor temperature. The degree of endemism of the methane seep microbiome suggests a high local diversification in these heterogeneous but long-lived ecosystems. Our results indicate that the seep microbiome is structured according to metacommunity processes and that few cosmopolitan microbial taxa mediate the bulk of methane oxidation, with global relevance to methane emission in the ocean.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-04-01
    Description: Methane seeps are widespread seafloor ecosystems shaped by the emission of gas from seabed reservoirs. The microorganisms inhabiting methane seeps transform the chemical energy in methane to products that sustain rich benthic communities around the gas leaks. Despite the biogeochemical relevance of microbial methane removal at seeps, the global diversity...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-10-21
    Description: Calcite-accumulating large sulfur bacteria of the genus Achromatium in Sippewissett Salt Marsh The ISME Journal 9, 2503 (November 2015). doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.62 Authors: Verena Salman, Tingting Yang, Tom Berben, Frieder Klein, Esther Angert & Andreas Teske
    Print ISSN: 1751-7362
    Electronic ISSN: 1751-7370
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-04-15
    Description: The title compound AgS 2 CN R 2 was prepared from an aqueous alcoholic solution by reaction of dicyanoargentate [Ag(CN) 2 ] – with excess ammoniumdithiocarbamate. It crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I 2 d (No. 122) with a = 7.9898(4) and c = 12.1072(7) Å, V = 772.89(7) Å 3 , Z = 8. The crystal structure comprises a 3D tetrahedral network of distorted AgS 4 units connected via all vertices thus forming the β-cristobalite structure type. The dithiocarbaramate ligands extend into the hollow space of the framework. Thermal decomposition starts above 125 °C and proceeds with a complex reaction to give finally Ag 2 S (acanthite).
    Print ISSN: 0044-2313
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-3749
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-01-23
    Description: Humans are increasingly exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) in medicine and in industrial settings, where significant concentrations of NPs are common. However, NP interactions with and effects on biomolecules and organisms have only recently been addressed. Within we review the literature regarding proposed modes of action for metal and metal-oxide NPs, two of the most prevalent types manufactured. Iron-oxide NPs, for instance, are used as tracers for magnetic resonance imaging of oncological tumors and as vehicles for therapeutic drug delivery. Factors and theories that determine the physicochemical and biokinetic behaviors of NPs are discussed, along with the observed toxicological effects of NPs on cells. Key thermodynamic and kinetic models that explain the sources of energy transfer from NPs to biological targets are summarized, in addition to quantitative structural activity relationship (QSAR) modeling efforts. Future challenges for nanotoxicological research are discussed. We conclude that NP studies based on cell culture are often inconsistent and underestimate the toxicity of NPs. Thus, the effect of NPs needs to be examined in whole animal systems.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-09-25
    Print ISSN: 1867-1616
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-1624
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-06-01
    Description: Este trabalho apresenta o gesso na construção civil, suas aplicações, características e o desperdício associado. É exposta a legislação brasileira pertinente ao gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos na construção, e mais especificamente as resoluções CONAMA 307/02 e 431/11, em que o resíduo de gesso passou a ter uma reclassificação quanto a sua destinação. Assim, esse passou a ser considerado um material passível de reutilização e reciclagem. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi investigar a viabilidade técnica de aproveitamento de resíduos de gesso como matéria-prima para materiais de construção, no caso, pela incorporação deste em telhas. Assim, é feita uma descrição dos tipos de telhas, suas características e métodos de fabricação, como também a exposição de dois tipos de telhas recicladas. É descrito também o albedo, associado com o benefício de telhados brancos na redução da temperatura dentro das edificações nos dias de maior calor. Foi feita uma lista com as formas e cobrimentos possíveis para a adaptação do gesso na telha, e a partir de características favoráveis às telhas foi escolhido o modelo a ser detalhado, a partir de uma matriz avaliativa. O modelo escolhido foi o Colonial Gigante, com capa polimérica feita de resíduo de PET (politereftaleno de etileno) envolvendo o resíduo de gesso. Um modelo 3D foi desenvolvido, e a telha foi nomeada de Telha GePET. Foram definidas em laboratório a umidade e a massa específica aparente e unitária do resíduo de gesso. Diversas características da telha foram descritas, como suas dimensões, massa, fonte de matéria-prima, produção, instalação no telhado, manutenção e durabilidade, o descarte após sua vida útil, o albedo, o isolamento térmico e o valor da telha. Concluiu-se que é possível a fabricação de uma telha com resíduos de gesso, juntamente com o resíduo de PET, tornando-a um produto mais sustentável e 100% reciclável.
    Print ISSN: 0366-6913
    Electronic ISSN: 1678-4553
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by SciELO Brazil
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  • 10
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