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  • 1
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    Plant Nutrient Uptake and Soil Nutrient Dynamics under Full and Limited Irrigation and Rainfed Maize Production (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0002-1962
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0645
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Atmosphere drives recent interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5°N (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-12
    Description: [1]  The RAPID-MOCHA array has observed the Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) at 26.5°N since 2004. During 2009/2010, there was a transient 30% weakening of the AMOC driven by anomalies in geostrophic and Ekman transports. Here, we use simulations based on the Met Office Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) to diagnose the relative importance of atmospheric forcings and internal ocean dynamics in driving the anomalous geostrophic circulation of 2009/10. Data assimilating experiments with FOAM accurately reproduce the mean strength and depth of the AMOC at 26.5°N. In addition, agreement between simulated and observed stream functions in the deep ocean is improved when we calculate the AMOC using a method that approximates the RAPID observations. The main features of the geostrophic circulation anomaly are captured by an ensemble of simulations without data-assimilation. These model results suggest that the atmosphere played a dominant role in driving recent interannual variability of the AMOC.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Coupled Economic-Coastline Modeling with Suckers and Free Riders (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: [1]  [1] Shoreline erosion is a natural trend along most sandy coastlines. Humans often respond to shoreline erosion with beach nourishment to maintain coastal property values. Locally extending the shoreline through nourishment alters alongshore sediment transport and changes shoreline dynamics in adjacent coastal regions. If left unmanaged, sandy coastlines can have spatially complex or simple patterns of erosion due to the relationship of large-scale morphology and the local wave climate. Using a numerical model that simulates spatially decentralized and locally optimal nourishment decisions characteristic of much of U.S East Coast beach management we find that human erosion intervention does not simply reflect the alongshore erosion pattern. Spatial interactions generate feedbacks in economic and physical variables that lead to widespread emergence of " free riders" and " suckers" with subsequent inequality in the alongshore distribution of property value. Along cuspate coastlines, such as those found along the U.S. Southeast Coast, these long-term property value differences span an order of magnitude. Results imply that spatially decentralized management of nourishment can lead to property values that are divorced from spatial erosion signals; this management approach is unlikely to be optimal.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Coastal sustainability depends on how economic and coastline responses to climate change affect each other (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-05
    Description: Human-induced climate change is predicted to accelerate sea level rise and alter storm frequency along the US east coast. Rising sea level will enhance shoreline erosion, and recent work indicates changing storm patterns and associated changes in wave conditions can intensify coastal erosion along parts of a coastline. Investigations of coastal response to climate change typically consider natural processes in isolation — neglecting repeated changes to the coastline from human actions, primarily through shoreline nourishment projects, which add sand to the shoreline to counteract erosion. In a model coupling economically driven shoreline nourishment with wave- and sea level rise-driven coastline change, and accounting for dwindling sediment resources for nourishment, coastline response depends dramatically on the relationship between patterns of property value and erosion. Simulations show that when nourishment costs rise with depletion of sand resources, coastline change is tied to the interaction between patterns of erosion and property value. Simulations show that when high property values align with highly erosive locations, sand resources are depleted rapidly and nourishment in lower property value towns is quickly abandoned. Although our model simulates a particular coastal morphology, the result that future behavior of the coastline and the economic viability of nourishment in a given town depend on the regional interaction between patterns of property value and erosion is likely applicable to many coastal configurations. More broadly, coupling economic and physical models reveals equity and sustainability implications of coastal climate adaptation as well as patterns of coastline change that a physical model alone would overlook.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Effects of Tm3+ Additions on the Crystallization of LaF3 Nanocrystals in Oxyfluoride Glasses: Optical Characterization and Up-Conversion (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-13
    Description: The influence of the addition of 1 mol% Tm 2 O 3 on the nanocrystallization of LaF 3 in a glass of composition 55 SiO 2 –20 Al 2 O 3 –15 Na 2 O –10 LaF 3 (mol%) has been studied. Tm 2 O 3 affects the phase separation in the glass and delays the onset of crystallization with respect to the undoped glass. Additionally, the maximum LaF 3 crystal size is slightly greater than that in the undoped glass–ceramics. The microstructural and compositional changes in the glass matrix have been studied using several techniques, including viscosity, dilatometry, X-ray and neutron diffraction (XRD, ND), quantitative Rietveld refinement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Raman spectroscopy. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that the Tm 3+ ions are distributed between the glassy matrix and LaF 3 crystals. Eu 2 O 3 has been used as structure probe and part of the Eu 3+ ions are reduced to Eu 2+ when incorporated in the LaF 3 nano-crystals. Up-conversion spectra under IR-excitation show a higher intensity of the blue emission in the Tm -doped glass–ceramic compared with that in the glass.
    Print ISSN: 0002-7820
    Electronic ISSN: 1551-2916
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    The Influence of Chromium Oxide on the Sintering Behavior of Silicon Nitride (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-19
    Description: In this study, pressureless sintering of silicon nitride via the addition of chromium oxide was investigated. Silicon nitride samples containing additives from the Cr – Cr 2 O 3 – SiO 2 system were sintered under different conditions. The phase transformation, the degree of densification and the in situ reactions between Si 3 N 4 and chromium compounds were investigated and the reactions were validated thermodynamically. It was found that Si 3 N 4 reacts with Cr 2 O 3 and Cr and these in situ reactions lead to Si 3 N 4 decomposition and consequently formation of a series of chromium silicides including Cr 3 Si , Cr 5 Si , and CrSi 2 . Due to the presence of chromium silicides as liquid phases during sintering, the α- Si 3 N 4 to β- Si 3 N 4 phase transformation started around 1400°C and was completed around 1800°C. On the other hand, densification of Si 3 N 4 samples with chromium oxide addition was not observed. The participation of Cr 2 O 3 in these in situ reactions prevents sufficient formation of chromium silicate and leads to insufficient liquid phase with poor wettability during sintering, resulting in poor densification.
    Print ISSN: 1546-542X
    Electronic ISSN: 1744-7402
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    The Dimeric [V2O4F6]4– Vanadium Oxide-Fluoride Anion in Na2(M(H2O)2)(V2O4F6) (M = Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+) (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-28
    Description: Three new vanadium oxide-fluoride phases, Na 2 (M(H 2 O) 2 )(V 2 O 4 F 6 ) (M = Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Cu 2+ ), were prepared by hydrothermal techniques in hydrofluoric acid. The compounds contain the dioxo vanadium fluoride dimeric anion: [V 2 O 4 F 6 ] 4– . The harder (Na + ) and softer (M = Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Cu 2+ ) cations coordinate to the harder fluoride and softer oxide anions, respectively. In contrast to monoxo vanadium fluorides, the dioxo vanadium fluoride exhibits an increased nucleophilicity of the oxide anions. This increased nucleophilicity allows the anion to bond covalently with late transition metals to form 2D layers that contain both an early transition metal (V 5+ ) and a late transition metal (Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , or Cu 2+ ).
    Print ISSN: 0044-2313
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-3749
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Carbonaceous species and humic like substances (HULIS) in Arctic snowpack during OASIS field campaign in Barrow (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-05
    Description: Snowpacks contain many carbonaceous species that can potentially impact on snow albedo and arctic atmospheric chemistry. During the OASIS field campaign, in March and April 2009, Elemental Carbon (EC), Water insoluble Organic Carbon (WinOC) and Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) were investigated in various types of snow: precipitating snows, remobilized snows, wind slabs and depth hoars. EC was found to represent less than 5% of the Total Carbon Content (TCC = EC + WinOC + DOC), whereas WinOC was found to represent an unusual 28 to 42% of TCC. Snow type was used to infer physical processes influencing the evolution of different fractions of DOC. DOC is highest in soil influenced indurated depth hoar layers due to specific wind related formation mechanisms in the early season. Apart from this specific snow type, DOC is found to decrease from precipitating snow to remobilized snow to regular depth hoar. This decrease is interpreted as due to cleaving photochemistry and physical equilibration of the most volatile fraction of DOC. Depending on the relative proportions of diamond dust and fresh snow in the deposition of the seasonal snowpack, we estimate that 31 to 76% of DOC deposited to the snowpack is reemitted back to the boundary layer. Under the assumption that this reemission is purely photochemical, we estimate an average flux of VOC out of the snowpack of 20 to 170 μgC m−2 h−1. Humic like substances (HULIS), short chain diacids and aldehydes are quantified, and showed to represent altogether a modest (
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Using hilltop curvature to derive the spatial distribution of erosion rates (2012)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-04
    Description: Erosion rates dictate the morphology of landscapes, and therefore quantifying them is a critical part of many geomorphic studies. Methods to directly measure erosion rates are expensive and time consuming, whereas topographic analysis facilitates prediction of erosion rates rapidly and over large spatial extents. If hillslope sediment flux is nonlinearly dependent on slope then the curvature of hilltops will be linearly proportional to erosion rates. In this contribution we develop new techniques to extract hilltop networks and sample their adjacent hillslopes in order to test the utility of hilltop curvature for estimating erosion rates using high-resolution (1 m) digital elevation data. Published and new cosmogenic radionuclide analyses in the Feather River basin, California, suggest that erosion rates vary by over an order of magnitude (10 to 250 mm kyr−1). Hilltop curvature increases with erosion rates, allowing calibration of the hillslope sediment transport coefficient, which controls the relationship between gradient and sediment flux. Having constraints on sediment transport efficiency allows estimation of erosion rates throughout the landscape by mapping the spatial distribution of hilltop curvature. Additionally, we show that hilltop curvature continues to increase with rising erosion rates after gradient-limited hillslopes have emerged. Hence hilltop curvature can potentially reflect higher erosion rates than can be predicted by hillslope gradient, providing soil production on hilltops can keep pace with erosion. Finally, hilltop curvature can be used to estimate erosion rates in landscapes undergoing a transient adjustment to changing boundary conditions if the response timescale of hillslopes is short relative to channels.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Will a catch share for whales improve social welfare? (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Ecological Applications, Volume 24, Issue 1, Page 15-23, January 2014. We critique a proposal to use catch shares to manage transboundary wildlife resources with potentially high non-extractive values, and we focus on the case of whales. Because whales are impure public goods, a policy that fails to capture all nonmarket benefits (due to free riding) could lead to a suboptimal outcome. Even if free riding were overcome, whale shares would face four implementation challenges. First, a whale share could legitimize the international trade in whale meat and expand the whale meat market. Second, a legal whale trade creates monitoring and enforcement challenges similar to those of organizations that manage highly migratory species such as tuna. Third, a whale share could create a new political economy of management that changes incentives and increases costs for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to achieve the current level of conservation. Fourth, a whale share program creates new logistical challenges for quota definition and allocation regardless of whether the market for whale products expands or contracts. Each of these issues, if left unaddressed, could result in lower overall welfare for society than under the status quo.
    Print ISSN: 1051-0761
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5582
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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