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  • 1
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    Genomic and functional adaptation in surface ocean planktonic prokaryotes (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-05
    Description: The understanding of marine microbial ecology and metabolism has been hampered by the paucity of sequenced reference genomes. To this end, we report the sequencing of 137 diverse marine isolates collected from around the world. We analysed these sequences, along with previously published marine prokaryotic genomes, in the context of marine metagenomic data, to gain insights into the ecology of the surface ocean prokaryotic picoplankton (0.1-3.0 mum size range). The results suggest that the sequenced genomes define two microbial groups: one composed of only a few taxa that are nearly always abundant in picoplanktonic communities, and the other consisting of many microbial taxa that are rarely abundant. The genomic content of the second group suggests that these microbes are capable of slow growth and survival in energy-limited environments, and rapid growth in energy-rich environments. By contrast, the abundant and cosmopolitan picoplanktonic prokaryotes for which there is genomic representation have smaller genomes, are probably capable of only slow growth and seem to be relatively unable to sense or rapidly acclimate to energy-rich conditions. Their genomic features also lead us to propose that one method used to avoid predation by viruses and/or bacterivores is by means of slow growth and the maintenance of low biomass.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yooseph, Shibu -- Nealson, Kenneth H -- Rusch, Douglas B -- McCrow, John P -- Dupont, Christopher L -- Kim, Maria -- Johnson, Justin -- Montgomery, Robert -- Ferriera, Steve -- Beeson, Karen -- Williamson, Shannon J -- Tovchigrechko, Andrey -- Allen, Andrew E -- Zeigler, Lisa A -- Sutton, Granger -- Eisenstadt, Eric -- Rogers, Yu-Hui -- Friedman, Robert -- Frazier, Marvin -- Venter, J Craig -- England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 4;468(7320):60-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09530.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21048761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification/virology ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Databases, Protein ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genomics ; *Metagenome ; Models, Biological ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeny ; Plankton/*genetics/growth & development/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Prokaryotic Cells/classification/*metabolism/virology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Distinct FGFs promote differentiation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-28
    Description: The differential formation of excitatory (glutamate-mediated) and inhibitory (GABA-mediated) synapses is a critical step for the proper functioning of the brain. An imbalance in these synapses may lead to various neurological disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome and epilepsy. Synapses are formed through communication between the appropriate synaptic partners. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the formation of specific synaptic types are not known. Here we show that two members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, FGF22 and FGF7, promote the organization of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic terminals, respectively, as target-derived presynaptic organizers. FGF22 and FGF7 are expressed by CA3 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. The differentiation of excitatory or inhibitory nerve terminals on dendrites of CA3 pyramidal neurons is specifically impaired in mutants lacking FGF22 or FGF7. These presynaptic defects are rescued by postsynaptic expression of the appropriate FGF. FGF22-deficient mice are resistant to epileptic seizures, and FGF7-deficient mice are prone to them, as expected from the alterations in excitatory/inhibitory balance. Differential effects of FGF22 and FGF7 involve both their distinct synaptic localizations and their use of different signalling pathways. These results demonstrate that specific FGFs act as target-derived presynaptic organizers and help to organize specific presynaptic terminals in the mammalian brain.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137042/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137042/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terauchi, Akiko -- Johnson-Venkatesh, Erin M -- Toth, Anna B -- Javed, Danish -- Sutton, Michael A -- Umemori, Hisashi -- R01 NS070005/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 10;465(7299):783-7. doi: 10.1038/nature09041. Epub 2010 May 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendrites/metabolism ; Disease Susceptibility ; Epilepsy/chemically induced/genetics/physiopathology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 7/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Fibroblast Growth Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hippocampus/cytology/embryology/metabolism/pathology ; In Situ Hybridization ; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology ; Kindling, Neurologic ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology ; Presynaptic Terminals/classification/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism ; Seizures/chemically induced/genetics/radiotherapy ; Synapses/*classification/*metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    The dynamic genome of Hydra (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-17
    Description: The freshwater cnidarian Hydra was first described in 1702 and has been the object of study for 300 years. Experimental studies of Hydra between 1736 and 1744 culminated in the discovery of asexual reproduction of an animal by budding, the first description of regeneration in an animal, and successful transplantation of tissue between animals. Today, Hydra is an important model for studies of axial patterning, stem cell biology and regeneration. Here we report the genome of Hydra magnipapillata and compare it to the genomes of the anthozoan Nematostella vectensis and other animals. The Hydra genome has been shaped by bursts of transposable element expansion, horizontal gene transfer, trans-splicing, and simplification of gene structure and gene content that parallel simplification of the Hydra life cycle. We also report the sequence of the genome of a novel bacterium stably associated with H. magnipapillata. Comparisons of the Hydra genome to the genomes of other animals shed light on the evolution of epithelia, contractile tissues, developmentally regulated transcription factors, the Spemann-Mangold organizer, pluripotency genes and the neuromuscular junction.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479502/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4479502/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapman, Jarrod A -- Kirkness, Ewen F -- Simakov, Oleg -- Hampson, Steven E -- Mitros, Therese -- Weinmaier, Thomas -- Rattei, Thomas -- Balasubramanian, Prakash G -- Borman, Jon -- Busam, Dana -- Disbennett, Kathryn -- Pfannkoch, Cynthia -- Sumin, Nadezhda -- Sutton, Granger G -- Viswanathan, Lakshmi Devi -- Walenz, Brian -- Goodstein, David M -- Hellsten, Uffe -- Kawashima, Takeshi -- Prochnik, Simon E -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Shu, Shengquiang -- Blumberg, Bruce -- Dana, Catherine E -- Gee, Lydia -- Kibler, Dennis F -- Law, Lee -- Lindgens, Dirk -- Martinez, Daniel E -- Peng, Jisong -- Wigge, Philip A -- Bertulat, Bianca -- Guder, Corina -- Nakamura, Yukio -- Ozbek, Suat -- Watanabe, Hiroshi -- Khalturin, Konstantin -- Hemmrich, Georg -- Franke, Andre -- Augustin, Rene -- Fraune, Sebastian -- Hayakawa, Eisuke -- Hayakawa, Shiho -- Hirose, Mamiko -- Hwang, Jung Shan -- Ikeo, Kazuho -- Nishimiya-Fujisawa, Chiemi -- Ogura, Atshushi -- Takahashi, Toshio -- Steinmetz, Patrick R H -- Zhang, Xiaoming -- Aufschnaiter, Roland -- Eder, Marie-Kristin -- Gorny, Anne-Kathrin -- Salvenmoser, Willi -- Heimberg, Alysha M -- Wheeler, Benjamin M -- Peterson, Kevin J -- Bottger, Angelika -- Tischler, Patrick -- Wolf, Alexander -- Gojobori, Takashi -- Remington, Karin A -- Strausberg, Robert L -- Venter, J Craig -- Technau, Ulrich -- Hobmayer, Bert -- Bosch, Thomas C G -- Holstein, Thomas W -- Fujisawa, Toshitaka -- Bode, Hans R -- David, Charles N -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- Steele, Robert E -- P 21108/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- R24 RR015088/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):592-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08830. Epub 2010 Mar 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/genetics ; Comamonadaceae/genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements/genetics ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal/genetics ; Genome/*genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Hydra/*genetics/microbiology/ultrastructure ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuromuscular Junction/ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    The assembly of a GTPase-kinase signalling complex by a bacterial catalytic scaffold (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-21
    Description: The fidelity and specificity of information flow within a cell is controlled by scaffolding proteins that assemble and link enzymes into signalling circuits. These circuits can be inhibited by bacterial effector proteins that post-translationally modify individual pathway components. However, there is emerging evidence that pathogens directly organize higher-order signalling networks through enzyme scaffolding, and the identity of the effectors and their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Here we identify the enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 type III effector EspG as a regulator of endomembrane trafficking using a functional screen, and report ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases and p21-activated kinases (PAKs) as its relevant host substrates. The 2.5 A crystal structure of EspG in complex with ARF6 shows how EspG blocks GTPase-activating-protein-assisted GTP hydrolysis, revealing a potent mechanism of GTPase signalling inhibition at organelle membranes. In addition, the 2.8 A crystal structure of EspG in complex with the autoinhibitory Ialpha3-helix of PAK2 defines a previously unknown catalytic site in EspG and provides an allosteric mechanism of kinase activation by a bacterial effector. Unexpectedly, ARF and PAKs are organized on adjacent surfaces of EspG, indicating its role as a 'catalytic scaffold' that effectively reprograms cellular events through the functional assembly of GTPase-kinase signalling complex.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675890/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3675890/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Selyunin, Andrey S -- Sutton, Sarah E -- Weigele, Bethany A -- Reddick, L Evan -- Orchard, Robert C -- Bresson, Stefan M -- Tomchick, Diana R -- Alto, Neal M -- 1R01AI083359-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 5T32AI007520-12/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI083359/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI083359-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007520/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007520-12/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 6;469(7328):107-11. doi: 10.1038/nature09593. Epub 2010 Dec 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170023" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADP-Ribosylation Factors/chemistry/*metabolism ; Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; *Biocatalysis ; Biological Transport ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Escherichia coli O157/*chemistry/metabolism ; Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Intracellular Membranes/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; Protein Unfolding ; Rats ; *Signal Transduction ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; p21-Activated Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Grazing-induced reduction of natural nitrous oxide release from continental steppe (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-09
    Description: Atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N(2)O) have increased significantly since pre-industrial times owing to anthropogenic perturbation of the global nitrogen cycle, with animal production being one of the main contributors. Grasslands cover about 20 per cent of the temperate land surface of the Earth and are widely used as pasture. It has been suggested that high animal stocking rates and the resulting elevated nitrogen input increase N(2)O emissions. Internationally agreed methods to upscale the effect of increased livestock numbers on N(2)O emissions are based directly on per capita nitrogen inputs. However, measurements of grassland N(2)O fluxes are often performed over short time periods, with low time resolution and mostly during the growing season. In consequence, our understanding of the daily and seasonal dynamics of grassland N(2)O fluxes remains limited. Here we report year-round N(2)O flux measurements with high and low temporal resolution at ten steppe grassland sites in Inner Mongolia, China. We show that short-lived pulses of N(2)O emission during spring thaw dominate the annual N(2)O budget at our study sites. The N(2)O emission pulses are highest in ungrazed steppe and decrease with increasing stocking rate, suggesting that grazing decreases rather than increases N(2)O emissions. Our results show that the stimulatory effect of higher stocking rates on nitrogen cycling and, hence, on N(2)O emission is more than offset by the effects of a parallel reduction in microbial biomass, inorganic nitrogen production and wintertime water retention. By neglecting these freeze-thaw interactions, existing approaches may have systematically overestimated N(2)O emissions over the last century for semi-arid, cool temperate grasslands by up to 72 per cent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolf, Benjamin -- Zheng, Xunhua -- Bruggemann, Nicolas -- Chen, Weiwei -- Dannenmann, Michael -- Han, Xingguo -- Sutton, Mark A -- Wu, Honghui -- Yao, Zhisheng -- Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 8;464(7290):881-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20376147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Husbandry/methods/statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*metabolism ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; China ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Freezing ; Greenhouse Effect ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Nitrous Oxide/*analysis/*metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/metabolism ; Seasons ; Snow ; Soil/analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; Water/analysis/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Vitamin B6: A Molecule for Human Health? (2010)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-20
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-3049
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 7
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    Isolation of Sulfur Reducing and Oxidizing Bacteria Found in Contaminated Drywall (2010)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2010-02-05
    Print ISSN: 1661-6596
    Electronic ISSN: 1422-0067
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 8
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    Creating a Global Grid of Distributed Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions from Nighttime Satellite Imagery (2010)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-08
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 9
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    Cairo’s Contested Garbage: Sustainable Solid Waste Management and the Zabaleen’s Right to the City (2010)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-18
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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