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  • 1
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    GRB 090423 at a redshift of z approximately 8.1 (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-30
    Description: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by rare types of massive stellar explosion. Their rapidly fading afterglows are often bright enough at optical wavelengths that they are detectable at cosmological distances. Hitherto, the highest known redshift for a GRB was z = 6.7 (ref. 1), for GRB 080913, and for a galaxy was z = 6.96 (ref. 2). Here we report observations of GRB 090423 and the near-infrared spectroscopic measurement of its redshift, z = 8.1(-0.3)(+0.1). This burst happened when the Universe was only about 4 per cent of its current age. Its properties are similar to those of GRBs observed at low/intermediate redshifts, suggesting that the mechanisms and progenitors that gave rise to this burst about 600,000,000 years after the Big Bang are not markedly different from those producing GRBs about 10,000,000,000 years later.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salvaterra, R -- Valle, M Della -- Campana, S -- Chincarini, G -- Covino, S -- D'Avanzo, P -- Fernandez-Soto, A -- Guidorzi, C -- Mannucci, F -- Margutti, R -- Thone, C C -- Antonelli, L A -- Barthelmy, S D -- De Pasquale, M -- D'Elia, V -- Fiore, F -- Fugazza, D -- Hunt, L K -- Maiorano, E -- Marinoni, S -- Marshall, F E -- Molinari, E -- Nousek, J -- Pian, E -- Racusin, J L -- Stella, L -- Amati, L -- Andreuzzi, G -- Cusumano, G -- Fenimore, E E -- Ferrero, P -- Giommi, P -- Guetta, D -- Holland, S T -- Hurley, K -- Israel, G L -- Mao, J -- Markwardt, C B -- Masetti, N -- Pagani, C -- Palazzi, E -- Palmer, D M -- Piranomonte, S -- Tagliaferri, G -- Testa, V -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 29;461(7268):1258-60. doi: 10.1038/nature08445.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), Italy. salvaterra@mib.infn.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Southern Ocean deep-water carbon export enhanced by natural iron fertilization (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-01-30
    Description: The addition of iron to high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions induces phytoplankton blooms that take up carbon. Carbon export from the surface layer and, in particular, the ability of the ocean and sediments to sequester carbon for many years remains, however, poorly quantified. Here we report data from the CROZEX experiment in the Southern Ocean, which was conducted to test the hypothesis that the observed north-south gradient in phytoplankton concentrations in the vicinity of the Crozet Islands is induced by natural iron fertilization that results in enhanced organic carbon flux to the deep ocean. We report annual particulate carbon fluxes out of the surface layer, at three kilometres below the ocean surface and to the ocean floor. We find that carbon fluxes from a highly productive, naturally iron-fertilized region of the sub-Antarctic Southern Ocean are two to three times larger than the carbon fluxes from an adjacent high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll area not fertilized by iron. Our findings support the hypothesis that increased iron supply to the glacial sub-Antarctic may have directly enhanced carbon export to the deep ocean. The CROZEX sequestration efficiency (the amount of carbon sequestered below the depth of winter mixing for a given iron supply) of 8,600 mol mol(-1) was 18 times greater than that of a phytoplankton bloom induced artificially by adding iron, but 77 times smaller than that of another bloom initiated, like CROZEX, by a natural supply of iron. Large losses of purposefully added iron can explain the lower efficiency of the induced bloom(6). The discrepancy between the blooms naturally supplied with iron may result in part from an underestimate of horizontal iron supply.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pollard, Raymond T -- Salter, Ian -- Sanders, Richard J -- Lucas, Mike I -- Moore, C Mark -- Mills, Rachel A -- Statham, Peter J -- Allen, John T -- Baker, Alex R -- Bakker, Dorothee C E -- Charette, Matthew A -- Fielding, Sophie -- Fones, Gary R -- French, Megan -- Hickman, Anna E -- Holland, Ross J -- Hughes, J Alan -- Jickells, Timothy D -- Lampitt, Richard S -- Morris, Paul J -- Nedelec, Florence H -- Nielsdottir, Maria -- Planquette, Helene -- Popova, Ekaterina E -- Poulton, Alex J -- Read, Jane F -- Seeyave, Sophie -- Smith, Tania -- Stinchcombe, Mark -- Taylor, Sarah -- Thomalla, Sandy -- Venables, Hugh J -- Williamson, Robert -- Zubkov, Mike V -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 29;457(7229):577-80. doi: 10.1038/nature07716.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Natural Environment Research Council and University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19177128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Chlorophyll/analysis/metabolism ; Eutrophication ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Iron/*metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Seasons ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Solubility trapping in formation water as dominant CO(2) sink in natural gas fields (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-04-03
    Description: Injecting CO(2) into deep geological strata is proposed as a safe and economically favourable means of storing CO(2) captured from industrial point sources. It is difficult, however, to assess the long-term consequences of CO(2) flooding in the subsurface from decadal observations of existing disposal sites. Both the site design and long-term safety modelling critically depend on how and where CO(2) will be stored in the site over its lifetime. Within a geological storage site, the injected CO(2) can dissolve in solution or precipitate as carbonate minerals. Here we identify and quantify the principal mechanism of CO(2) fluid phase removal in nine natural gas fields in North America, China and Europe, using noble gas and carbon isotope tracers. The natural gas fields investigated in our study are dominated by a CO(2) phase and provide a natural analogue for assessing the geological storage of anthropogenic CO(2) over millennial timescales. We find that in seven gas fields with siliciclastic or carbonate-dominated reservoir lithologies, dissolution in formation water at a pH of 5-5.8 is the sole major sink for CO(2). In two fields with siliciclastic reservoir lithologies, some CO(2) loss through precipitation as carbonate minerals cannot be ruled out, but can account for a maximum of 18 per cent of the loss of emplaced CO(2). In view of our findings that geological mineral fixation is a minor CO(2) trapping mechanism in natural gas fields, we suggest that long-term anthropogenic CO(2) storage models in similar geological systems should focus on the potential mobility of CO(2) dissolved in water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilfillan, Stuart M V -- Lollar, Barbara Sherwood -- Holland, Greg -- Blagburn, Dave -- Stevens, Scott -- Schoell, Martin -- Cassidy, Martin -- Ding, Zhenju -- Zhou, Zheng -- Lacrampe-Couloume, Georges -- Ballentine, Chris J -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 2;458(7238):614-8. doi: 10.1038/nature07852.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. stuart.gilfillan@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19340078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Seasonal cycles and long-term trends in abundance and species composition of sharks associated with cage diving ecotourism activities in Hawaii (2009)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-01
    Description: SUMMARYShark cage diving is both popular and controversial, with proponents citing educational value and non-extractive use of natural resources and opponents raising concerns about public safety and ecological impacts. Logbook data collected 2004–2008 from two Oahu (Hawaii) shark cage diving operations were analysed to determine whether such voluntary records provide useful insights into shark ecology or ecotourism impacts. Operators correctly identified common shark species and documented gross seasonal cycles and long-term trends in abundance of Galapagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis), sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and tiger sharks (Galeorcerdo cuvier). Annual cycles in shark abundance may indicate seasonal migrations, whereas long-term trends suggest gradual exclusion of smaller sandbar sharks from cage diving sites. Numerically dominant (〉 98%) Galapagos and sandbar sharks are rarely implicated in attacks on humans. Negligible impact on public safety is supported by other factors such as: (1) remoteness of the sites, (2) conditioning stimuli that are specific to the tour operations and different from inshore recreational stimuli and (3) no increase in shark attacks on the north coast of Oahu since cage diving started. Tracking studies are required to validate logbook data and to determine whether sharks associated with offshore cage diving travel into inshore areas used for in-water recreation.
    Print ISSN: 0376-8929
    Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cambridge University Press
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  • 5
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    Subglacial seismic reflection strategies when source amplitude and medium attenuation are poorly known (2009)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-01
    Description: Seismic reflection techniques are a powerful way to probe physical properties of subglacial strata. Inversion of seismic data for physical properties may be hampered, however, by lack of knowledge of the source amplitude as well as lack of knowledge of the compressional and shear attenuation in the ice. New methods are described to measure the source signature that require no a priori knowledge of the ice attenuation profile. Another new method is described to obtain the angular dependence of the subglacial bed reflection coefficient that is relatively insensitive to knowledge of the ice attenuation. Finally, a correction is provided to a long-standing error in the literature regarding measurement of the bed normal incidence reflection coefficient.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Glaciological Society.
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